Geometry shader emulation for macOS (#5551)

* Implement vertex and geometry shader conversion to compute

* Call InitializeReservedCounts for compute too

* PR feedback

* Set clip distance mask for geometry and tessellation shaders too

* Transform feedback emulation only for vertex

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/GPFifo/GPFifoProcessor.cs

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.GPFifo
     /// <summary>
     /// Represents a GPU General Purpose FIFO command processor.
     /// </summary>
-    class GPFifoProcessor
+    class GPFifoProcessor : IDisposable
     {
         private const int MacrosCount = 0x80;
         private const int MacroIndexMask = MacrosCount - 1;
@@ -327,5 +327,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.GPFifo
         {
             _3dClass.PerformDeferredDraws();
         }
+
+        protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
+        {
+            if (disposing)
+            {
+                _3dClass.Dispose();
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            Dispose(true);
+            GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Threed/ComputeDraw/VertexInfoBufferUpdater.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.ComputeDraw
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Vertex info buffer data updater.
+    /// </summary>
+    class VertexInfoBufferUpdater : BufferUpdater
+    {
+        private VertexInfoBuffer _data;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new instance of the vertex info buffer updater.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="renderer">Renderer that the vertex info buffer will be used with</param>
+        public VertexInfoBufferUpdater(IRenderer renderer) : base(renderer)
+        {
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets vertex data related counts.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="vertexCount">Number of vertices used on the draw</param>
+        /// <param name="instanceCount">Number of draw instances</param>
+        /// <param name="firstVertex">Index of the first vertex on the vertex buffer</param>
+        /// <param name="firstInstance">Index of the first instanced vertex on the vertex buffer</param>
+        public void SetVertexCounts(int vertexCount, int instanceCount, int firstVertex, int firstInstance)
+        {
+            if (_data.VertexCounts.X != vertexCount)
+            {
+                _data.VertexCounts.X = vertexCount;
+                MarkDirty(VertexInfoBuffer.VertexCountsOffset, sizeof(int));
+            }
+
+            if (_data.VertexCounts.Y != instanceCount)
+            {
+                _data.VertexCounts.Y = instanceCount;
+                MarkDirty(VertexInfoBuffer.VertexCountsOffset + sizeof(int), sizeof(int));
+            }
+
+            if (_data.VertexCounts.Z != firstVertex)
+            {
+                _data.VertexCounts.Z = firstVertex;
+                MarkDirty(VertexInfoBuffer.VertexCountsOffset + sizeof(int) * 2, sizeof(int));
+            }
+
+            if (_data.VertexCounts.W != firstInstance)
+            {
+                _data.VertexCounts.W = firstInstance;
+                MarkDirty(VertexInfoBuffer.VertexCountsOffset + sizeof(int) * 3, sizeof(int));
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets vertex data related counts.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="primitivesCount">Number of primitives consumed by the geometry shader</param>
+        public void SetGeometryCounts(int primitivesCount)
+        {
+            if (_data.GeometryCounts.X != primitivesCount)
+            {
+                _data.GeometryCounts.X = primitivesCount;
+                MarkDirty(VertexInfoBuffer.GeometryCountsOffset, sizeof(int));
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets a vertex stride and related data.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="index">Index of the vertex stride to be updated</param>
+        /// <param name="stride">Stride divided by the component or format size</param>
+        /// <param name="componentCount">Number of components that the format has</param>
+        public void SetVertexStride(int index, int stride, int componentCount)
+        {
+            if (_data.VertexStrides[index].X != stride)
+            {
+                _data.VertexStrides[index].X = stride;
+                MarkDirty(VertexInfoBuffer.VertexStridesOffset + index * Unsafe.SizeOf<Vector4<int>>(), sizeof(int));
+            }
+
+            for (int c = 1; c < 4; c++)
+            {
+                int value = c < componentCount ? 1 : 0;
+
+                ref int currentValue = ref GetElementRef(ref _data.VertexStrides[index], c);
+
+                if (currentValue != value)
+                {
+                    currentValue = value;
+                    MarkDirty(VertexInfoBuffer.VertexStridesOffset + index * Unsafe.SizeOf<Vector4<int>>() + c * sizeof(int), sizeof(int));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets a vertex offset and related data.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="index">Index of the vertex offset to be updated</param>
+        /// <param name="offset">Offset divided by the component or format size</param>
+        /// <param name="divisor">If the draw is instanced, should have the vertex divisor value, otherwise should be zero</param>
+        public void SetVertexOffset(int index, int offset, int divisor)
+        {
+            if (_data.VertexOffsets[index].X != offset)
+            {
+                _data.VertexOffsets[index].X = offset;
+                MarkDirty(VertexInfoBuffer.VertexOffsetsOffset + index * Unsafe.SizeOf<Vector4<int>>(), sizeof(int));
+            }
+
+            if (_data.VertexOffsets[index].Y != divisor)
+            {
+                _data.VertexOffsets[index].Y = divisor;
+                MarkDirty(VertexInfoBuffer.VertexOffsetsOffset + index * Unsafe.SizeOf<Vector4<int>>() + sizeof(int), sizeof(int));
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the offset of the index buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="offset">Offset divided by the component size</param>
+        public void SetIndexBufferOffset(int offset)
+        {
+            if (_data.GeometryCounts.W != offset)
+            {
+                _data.GeometryCounts.W = offset;
+                MarkDirty(VertexInfoBuffer.GeometryCountsOffset + sizeof(int) * 3, sizeof(int));
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Submits all pending buffer updates to the GPU.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Commit()
+        {
+            Commit(MemoryMarshal.Cast<VertexInfoBuffer, byte>(MemoryMarshal.CreateSpan(ref _data, 1)));
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Threed/ComputeDraw/VtgAsCompute.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader;
+using System;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.ComputeDraw
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Vertex, tessellation and geometry as compute shader draw manager.
+    /// </summary>
+    class VtgAsCompute : IDisposable
+    {
+        private readonly GpuContext _context;
+        private readonly GpuChannel _channel;
+        private readonly DeviceStateWithShadow<ThreedClassState> _state;
+        private readonly VtgAsComputeContext _vacContext;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new instance of the vertex, tessellation and geometry as compute shader draw manager.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="context">GPU context</param>
+        /// <param name="channel">GPU channel</param>
+        /// <param name="state">3D engine state</param>
+        public VtgAsCompute(GpuContext context, GpuChannel channel, DeviceStateWithShadow<ThreedClassState> state)
+        {
+            _context = context;
+            _channel = channel;
+            _state = state;
+            _vacContext = new(context);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Emulates the pre-rasterization stages of a draw operation using a compute shader.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="engine">3D engine</param>
+        /// <param name="vertexAsCompute">Vertex shader converted to compute</param>
+        /// <param name="geometryAsCompute">Optional geometry shader converted to compute</param>
+        /// <param name="vertexPassthroughProgram">Fragment shader with a vertex passthrough shader to feed the compute output into the fragment stage</param>
+        /// <param name="topology">Primitive topology of the draw</param>
+        /// <param name="count">Index or vertex count of the draw</param>
+        /// <param name="instanceCount">Instance count</param>
+        /// <param name="firstIndex">First index on the index buffer, for indexed draws</param>
+        /// <param name="firstVertex">First vertex on the vertex buffer</param>
+        /// <param name="firstInstance">First instance</param>
+        /// <param name="indexed">Whether the draw is indexed</param>
+        public void DrawAsCompute(
+            ThreedClass engine,
+            ShaderAsCompute vertexAsCompute,
+            ShaderAsCompute geometryAsCompute,
+            IProgram vertexPassthroughProgram,
+            PrimitiveTopology topology,
+            int count,
+            int instanceCount,
+            int firstIndex,
+            int firstVertex,
+            int firstInstance,
+            bool indexed)
+        {
+            VtgAsComputeState state = new(
+                _context,
+                _channel,
+                _state,
+                _vacContext,
+                engine,
+                vertexAsCompute,
+                geometryAsCompute,
+                vertexPassthroughProgram,
+                topology,
+                count,
+                instanceCount,
+                firstIndex,
+                firstVertex,
+                firstInstance,
+                indexed);
+
+            state.RunVertex();
+            state.RunGeometry();
+            state.RunFragment();
+
+            _vacContext.FreeBuffers();
+        }
+
+        protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
+        {
+            if (disposing)
+            {
+                _vacContext.Dispose();
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            Dispose(true);
+            GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Threed/ComputeDraw/VtgAsComputeContext.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,648 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.ComputeDraw
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Vertex, tessellation and geometry as compute shader context.
+    /// </summary>
+    class VtgAsComputeContext : IDisposable
+    {
+        private const int DummyBufferSize = 16;
+
+        private readonly GpuContext _context;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Cache of buffer textures used for vertex and index buffers.
+        /// </summary>
+        private class BufferTextureCache : IDisposable
+        {
+            private readonly Dictionary<Format, ITexture> _cache;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Creates a new instance of the buffer texture cache.
+            /// </summary>
+            public BufferTextureCache()
+            {
+                _cache = new();
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Gets a cached or creates and caches a buffer texture with the specified format.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="renderer">Renderer where the texture will be used</param>
+            /// <param name="format">Format of the buffer texture</param>
+            /// <returns>Buffer texture</returns>
+            public ITexture Get(IRenderer renderer, Format format)
+            {
+                if (!_cache.TryGetValue(format, out ITexture bufferTexture))
+                {
+                    bufferTexture = renderer.CreateTexture(new TextureCreateInfo(
+                        1,
+                        1,
+                        1,
+                        1,
+                        1,
+                        1,
+                        1,
+                        1,
+                        format,
+                        DepthStencilMode.Depth,
+                        Target.TextureBuffer,
+                        SwizzleComponent.Red,
+                        SwizzleComponent.Green,
+                        SwizzleComponent.Blue,
+                        SwizzleComponent.Alpha));
+
+                    _cache.Add(format, bufferTexture);
+                }
+
+                return bufferTexture;
+            }
+
+            protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
+            {
+                if (disposing)
+                {
+                    foreach (var texture in _cache.Values)
+                    {
+                        texture.Release();
+                    }
+
+                    _cache.Clear();
+                }
+            }
+
+            public void Dispose()
+            {
+                Dispose(true);
+                GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Buffer state.
+        /// </summary>
+        private struct Buffer
+        {
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Buffer handle.
+            /// </summary>
+            public BufferHandle Handle;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Current free buffer offset.
+            /// </summary>
+            public int Offset;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Total buffer size in bytes.
+            /// </summary>
+            public int Size;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Index buffer state.
+        /// </summary>
+        private readonly struct IndexBuffer
+        {
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Buffer handle.
+            /// </summary>
+            public BufferHandle Handle { get; }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Index count.
+            /// </summary>
+            public int Count { get; }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Size in bytes.
+            /// </summary>
+            public int Size { get; }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Creates a new index buffer state.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="handle">Buffer handle</param>
+            /// <param name="count">Index count</param>
+            /// <param name="size">Size in bytes</param>
+            public IndexBuffer(BufferHandle handle, int count, int size)
+            {
+                Handle = handle;
+                Count = count;
+                Size = size;
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Creates a full range starting from the beggining of the buffer.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <returns>Range</returns>
+            public readonly BufferRange ToRange()
+            {
+                return new BufferRange(Handle, 0, Size);
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Creates a range starting from the beggining of the buffer, with the specified size.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="size">Size in bytes of the range</param>
+            /// <returns>Range</returns>
+            public readonly BufferRange ToRange(int size)
+            {
+                return new BufferRange(Handle, 0, size);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private readonly BufferTextureCache[] _bufferTextures;
+        private BufferHandle _dummyBuffer;
+        private Buffer _vertexDataBuffer;
+        private Buffer _geometryVertexDataBuffer;
+        private Buffer _geometryIndexDataBuffer;
+        private BufferHandle _sequentialIndexBuffer;
+        private int _sequentialIndexBufferCount;
+
+        private readonly Dictionary<PrimitiveTopology, IndexBuffer> _topologyRemapBuffers;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Vertex information buffer updater.
+        /// </summary>
+        public VertexInfoBufferUpdater VertexInfoBufferUpdater { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new instance of the vertex, tessellation and geometry as compute shader context.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="context"></param>
+        public VtgAsComputeContext(GpuContext context)
+        {
+            _context = context;
+            _bufferTextures = new BufferTextureCache[Constants.TotalVertexBuffers + 2];
+            _topologyRemapBuffers = new();
+            VertexInfoBufferUpdater = new(context.Renderer);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the number of complete primitives that can be formed with a given vertex count, for a given topology.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="primitiveType">Topology</param>
+        /// <param name="count">Vertex count</param>
+        /// <returns>Total of complete primitives</returns>
+        public static int GetPrimitivesCount(PrimitiveTopology primitiveType, int count)
+        {
+            return primitiveType switch
+            {
+                PrimitiveTopology.Lines => count / 2,
+                PrimitiveTopology.LinesAdjacency => count / 4,
+                PrimitiveTopology.LineLoop => count > 1 ? count : 0,
+                PrimitiveTopology.LineStrip => Math.Max(count - 1, 0),
+                PrimitiveTopology.LineStripAdjacency => Math.Max(count - 3, 0),
+                PrimitiveTopology.Triangles => count / 3,
+                PrimitiveTopology.TrianglesAdjacency => count / 6,
+                PrimitiveTopology.TriangleStrip or
+                PrimitiveTopology.TriangleFan or
+                PrimitiveTopology.Polygon => Math.Max(count - 2, 0),
+                PrimitiveTopology.TriangleStripAdjacency => Math.Max(count - 2, 0) / 2,
+                PrimitiveTopology.Quads => (count / 4) * 2, // In triangles.
+                PrimitiveTopology.QuadStrip => Math.Max((count - 2) / 2, 0) * 2, // In triangles.
+                _ => count,
+            };
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the total of vertices that a single primitive has, for the specified topology.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="primitiveType">Topology</param>
+        /// <returns>Vertex count</returns>
+        private static int GetVerticesPerPrimitive(PrimitiveTopology primitiveType)
+        {
+            return primitiveType switch
+            {
+                PrimitiveTopology.Lines or
+                PrimitiveTopology.LineLoop or
+                PrimitiveTopology.LineStrip => 2,
+                PrimitiveTopology.LinesAdjacency or
+                PrimitiveTopology.LineStripAdjacency => 4,
+                PrimitiveTopology.Triangles or
+                PrimitiveTopology.TriangleStrip or
+                PrimitiveTopology.TriangleFan or
+                PrimitiveTopology.Polygon => 3,
+                PrimitiveTopology.TrianglesAdjacency or
+                PrimitiveTopology.TriangleStripAdjacency => 6,
+                PrimitiveTopology.Quads or
+                PrimitiveTopology.QuadStrip => 3, // 2 triangles.
+                _ => 1,
+            };
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a cached or creates a new buffer that can be used to map linear indices to ones
+        /// of a specified topology, and build complete primitives.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="topology">Topology</param>
+        /// <param name="count">Number of input vertices that needs to be mapped using that buffer</param>
+        /// <returns>Remap buffer range</returns>
+        public BufferRange GetOrCreateTopologyRemapBuffer(PrimitiveTopology topology, int count)
+        {
+            if (!_topologyRemapBuffers.TryGetValue(topology, out IndexBuffer buffer) || buffer.Count < count)
+            {
+                if (buffer.Handle != BufferHandle.Null)
+                {
+                    _context.Renderer.DeleteBuffer(buffer.Handle);
+                }
+
+                buffer = CreateTopologyRemapBuffer(topology, count);
+                _topologyRemapBuffers[topology] = buffer;
+
+                return buffer.ToRange();
+            }
+
+            return buffer.ToRange(Math.Max(GetPrimitivesCount(topology, count) * GetVerticesPerPrimitive(topology), 1) * sizeof(uint));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new topology remap buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="topology">Topology</param>
+        /// <param name="count">Maximum of vertices that will be accessed</param>
+        /// <returns>Remap buffer range</returns>
+        private IndexBuffer CreateTopologyRemapBuffer(PrimitiveTopology topology, int count)
+        {
+            // Size can't be zero as creating zero sized buffers is invalid.
+            Span<int> data = new int[Math.Max(GetPrimitivesCount(topology, count) * GetVerticesPerPrimitive(topology), 1)];
+
+            switch (topology)
+            {
+                case PrimitiveTopology.Points:
+                case PrimitiveTopology.Lines:
+                case PrimitiveTopology.LinesAdjacency:
+                case PrimitiveTopology.Triangles:
+                case PrimitiveTopology.TrianglesAdjacency:
+                case PrimitiveTopology.Patches:
+                    for (int index = 0; index < data.Length; index++)
+                    {
+                        data[index] = index;
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case PrimitiveTopology.LineLoop:
+                    data[^1] = 0;
+
+                    for (int index = 0; index < ((data.Length - 1) & ~1); index += 2)
+                    {
+                        data[index] = index >> 1;
+                        data[index + 1] = (index >> 1) + 1;
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case PrimitiveTopology.LineStrip:
+                    for (int index = 0; index < ((data.Length - 1) & ~1); index += 2)
+                    {
+                        data[index] = index >> 1;
+                        data[index + 1] = (index >> 1) + 1;
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case PrimitiveTopology.TriangleStrip:
+                    int tsTrianglesCount = data.Length / 3;
+                    int tsOutIndex = 3;
+
+                    if (tsTrianglesCount > 0)
+                    {
+                        data[0] = 0;
+                        data[1] = 1;
+                        data[2] = 2;
+                    }
+
+                    for (int tri = 1; tri < tsTrianglesCount; tri++)
+                    {
+                        int baseIndex = tri * 3;
+
+                        if ((tri & 1) != 0)
+                        {
+                            data[baseIndex] = tsOutIndex - 1;
+                            data[baseIndex + 1] = tsOutIndex - 2;
+                            data[baseIndex + 2] = tsOutIndex++;
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            data[baseIndex] = tsOutIndex - 2;
+                            data[baseIndex + 1] = tsOutIndex - 1;
+                            data[baseIndex + 2] = tsOutIndex++;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case PrimitiveTopology.TriangleFan:
+                case PrimitiveTopology.Polygon:
+                    int tfTrianglesCount = data.Length / 3;
+                    int tfOutIndex = 1;
+
+                    for (int index = 0; index < tfTrianglesCount * 3; index += 3)
+                    {
+                        data[index] = 0;
+                        data[index + 1] = tfOutIndex;
+                        data[index + 2] = ++tfOutIndex;
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case PrimitiveTopology.Quads:
+                    int qQuadsCount = data.Length / 6;
+
+                    for (int quad = 0; quad < qQuadsCount; quad++)
+                    {
+                        int index = quad * 6;
+                        int qIndex = quad * 4;
+
+                        data[index] = qIndex;
+                        data[index + 1] = qIndex + 1;
+                        data[index + 2] = qIndex + 2;
+                        data[index + 3] = qIndex;
+                        data[index + 4] = qIndex + 2;
+                        data[index + 5] = qIndex + 3;
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case PrimitiveTopology.QuadStrip:
+                    int qsQuadsCount = data.Length / 6;
+
+                    if (qsQuadsCount > 0)
+                    {
+                        data[0] = 0;
+                        data[1] = 1;
+                        data[2] = 2;
+                        data[3] = 0;
+                        data[4] = 2;
+                        data[5] = 3;
+                    }
+
+                    for (int quad = 1; quad < qsQuadsCount; quad++)
+                    {
+                        int index = quad * 6;
+                        int qIndex = quad * 2;
+
+                        data[index] = qIndex + 1;
+                        data[index + 1] = qIndex;
+                        data[index + 2] = qIndex + 2;
+                        data[index + 3] = qIndex + 1;
+                        data[index + 4] = qIndex + 2;
+                        data[index + 5] = qIndex + 3;
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case PrimitiveTopology.LineStripAdjacency:
+                    for (int index = 0; index < ((data.Length - 3) & ~3); index += 4)
+                    {
+                        int lIndex = index >> 2;
+
+                        data[index] = lIndex;
+                        data[index + 1] = lIndex + 1;
+                        data[index + 2] = lIndex + 2;
+                        data[index + 3] = lIndex + 3;
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case PrimitiveTopology.TriangleStripAdjacency:
+                    int tsaTrianglesCount = data.Length / 6;
+                    int tsaOutIndex = 6;
+
+                    if (tsaTrianglesCount > 0)
+                    {
+                        data[0] = 0;
+                        data[1] = 1;
+                        data[2] = 2;
+                        data[3] = 3;
+                        data[4] = 4;
+                        data[5] = 5;
+                    }
+
+                    for (int tri = 1; tri < tsaTrianglesCount; tri++)
+                    {
+                        int baseIndex = tri * 6;
+
+                        if ((tri & 1) != 0)
+                        {
+                            data[baseIndex] = tsaOutIndex - 2;
+                            data[baseIndex + 1] = tsaOutIndex - 1;
+                            data[baseIndex + 2] = tsaOutIndex - 4;
+                            data[baseIndex + 3] = tsaOutIndex - 3;
+                            data[baseIndex + 4] = tsaOutIndex++;
+                            data[baseIndex + 5] = tsaOutIndex++;
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            data[baseIndex] = tsaOutIndex - 4;
+                            data[baseIndex + 1] = tsaOutIndex - 3;
+                            data[baseIndex + 2] = tsaOutIndex - 2;
+                            data[baseIndex + 3] = tsaOutIndex - 1;
+                            data[baseIndex + 4] = tsaOutIndex++;
+                            data[baseIndex + 5] = tsaOutIndex++;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+
+            ReadOnlySpan<byte> dataBytes = MemoryMarshal.Cast<int, byte>(data);
+
+            BufferHandle buffer = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer(dataBytes.Length);
+            _context.Renderer.SetBufferData(buffer, 0, dataBytes);
+
+            return new IndexBuffer(buffer, count, dataBytes.Length);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a buffer texture with a given format, for the given index.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="index">Index of the buffer texture</param>
+        /// <param name="format">Format of the buffer texture</param>
+        /// <returns>Buffer texture</returns>
+        public ITexture EnsureBufferTexture(int index, Format format)
+        {
+            return (_bufferTextures[index] ??= new()).Get(_context.Renderer, format);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the offset and size of usable storage on the output vertex buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="size">Size in bytes that will be used</param>
+        /// <returns>Usable offset and size on the buffer</returns>
+        public (int, int) GetVertexDataBuffer(int size)
+        {
+            return EnsureBuffer(ref _vertexDataBuffer, size);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the offset and size of usable storage on the output geometry shader vertex buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="size">Size in bytes that will be used</param>
+        /// <returns>Usable offset and size on the buffer</returns>
+        public (int, int) GetGeometryVertexDataBuffer(int size)
+        {
+            return EnsureBuffer(ref _geometryVertexDataBuffer, size);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the offset and size of usable storage on the output geometry shader index buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="size">Size in bytes that will be used</param>
+        /// <returns>Usable offset and size on the buffer</returns>
+        public (int, int) GetGeometryIndexDataBuffer(int size)
+        {
+            return EnsureBuffer(ref _geometryIndexDataBuffer, size);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a range of the output vertex buffer for binding.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="offset">Offset of the range</param>
+        /// <param name="size">Size of the range in bytes</param>
+        /// <returns>Range</returns>
+        public BufferRange GetVertexDataBufferRange(int offset, int size)
+        {
+            return new BufferRange(_vertexDataBuffer.Handle, offset, size);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a range of the output geometry shader vertex buffer for binding.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="offset">Offset of the range</param>
+        /// <param name="size">Size of the range in bytes</param>
+        /// <returns>Range</returns>
+        public BufferRange GetGeometryVertexDataBufferRange(int offset, int size)
+        {
+            return new BufferRange(_geometryVertexDataBuffer.Handle, offset, size);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a range of the output geometry shader index buffer for binding.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="offset">Offset of the range</param>
+        /// <param name="size">Size of the range in bytes</param>
+        /// <returns>Range</returns>
+        public BufferRange GetGeometryIndexDataBufferRange(int offset, int size)
+        {
+            return new BufferRange(_geometryIndexDataBuffer.Handle, offset, size);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the range for a dummy 16 bytes buffer, filled with zeros.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <returns>Dummy buffer range</returns>
+        public BufferRange GetDummyBufferRange()
+        {
+            if (_dummyBuffer == BufferHandle.Null)
+            {
+                _dummyBuffer = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer(DummyBufferSize);
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.ClearBuffer(_dummyBuffer, 0, DummyBufferSize, 0);
+            }
+
+            return new BufferRange(_dummyBuffer, 0, DummyBufferSize);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the range for a sequential index buffer, with ever incrementing index values.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="count">Minimum number of indices that the buffer should have</param>
+        /// <returns>Buffer handle</returns>
+        public BufferHandle GetSequentialIndexBuffer(int count)
+        {
+            if (_sequentialIndexBufferCount < count)
+            {
+                if (_sequentialIndexBuffer != BufferHandle.Null)
+                {
+                    _context.Renderer.DeleteBuffer(_sequentialIndexBuffer);
+                }
+
+                _sequentialIndexBuffer = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer(count * sizeof(uint));
+                _sequentialIndexBufferCount = count;
+
+                Span<int> data = new int[count];
+
+                for (int index = 0; index < count; index++)
+                {
+                    data[index] = index;
+                }
+
+                _context.Renderer.SetBufferData(_sequentialIndexBuffer, 0, MemoryMarshal.Cast<int, byte>(data));
+            }
+
+            return _sequentialIndexBuffer;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Ensure that a buffer exists, is large enough, and allocates a sub-region of the specified size inside the buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="buffer">Buffer state</param>
+        /// <param name="size">Required size in bytes</param>
+        /// <returns>Allocated offset and size</returns>
+        private (int, int) EnsureBuffer(ref Buffer buffer, int size)
+        {
+            int newSize = buffer.Offset + size;
+
+            if (buffer.Size < newSize)
+            {
+                if (buffer.Handle != BufferHandle.Null)
+                {
+                    _context.Renderer.DeleteBuffer(buffer.Handle);
+                }
+
+                buffer.Handle = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer(newSize);
+                buffer.Size = newSize;
+            }
+
+            int offset = buffer.Offset;
+
+            buffer.Offset = BitUtils.AlignUp(newSize, _context.Capabilities.StorageBufferOffsetAlignment);
+
+            return (offset, size);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Frees all buffer sub-regions that were previously allocated.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void FreeBuffers()
+        {
+            _vertexDataBuffer.Offset = 0;
+            _geometryVertexDataBuffer.Offset = 0;
+            _geometryIndexDataBuffer.Offset = 0;
+        }
+
+        protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
+        {
+            if (disposing)
+            {
+                for (int index = 0; index < _bufferTextures.Length; index++)
+                {
+                    _bufferTextures[index]?.Dispose();
+                    _bufferTextures[index] = null;
+                }
+
+                DestroyIfNotNull(ref _dummyBuffer);
+                DestroyIfNotNull(ref _vertexDataBuffer.Handle);
+                DestroyIfNotNull(ref _geometryVertexDataBuffer.Handle);
+                DestroyIfNotNull(ref _geometryIndexDataBuffer.Handle);
+                DestroyIfNotNull(ref _sequentialIndexBuffer);
+
+                foreach (var indexBuffer in _topologyRemapBuffers.Values)
+                {
+                    _context.Renderer.DeleteBuffer(indexBuffer.Handle);
+                }
+
+                _topologyRemapBuffers.Clear();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Deletes a buffer if the handle is valid (not null), then sets the handle to null.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="handle">Buffer handle</param>
+        private void DestroyIfNotNull(ref BufferHandle handle)
+        {
+            if (handle != BufferHandle.Null)
+            {
+                _context.Renderer.DeleteBuffer(handle);
+                handle = BufferHandle.Null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            Dispose(true);
+            GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Threed/ComputeDraw/VtgAsComputeState.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,535 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Logging;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Types;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation;
+using System;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.ComputeDraw
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Vertex, tessellation and geometry as compute shader state.
+    /// </summary>
+    struct VtgAsComputeState
+    {
+        private const int ComputeLocalSize = 32;
+
+        private readonly GpuContext _context;
+        private readonly GpuChannel _channel;
+        private readonly DeviceStateWithShadow<ThreedClassState> _state;
+        private readonly VtgAsComputeContext _vacContext;
+        private readonly ThreedClass _engine;
+        private readonly ShaderAsCompute _vertexAsCompute;
+        private readonly ShaderAsCompute _geometryAsCompute;
+        private readonly IProgram _vertexPassthroughProgram;
+        private readonly PrimitiveTopology _topology;
+        private readonly int _count;
+        private readonly int _instanceCount;
+        private readonly int _firstIndex;
+        private readonly int _firstVertex;
+        private readonly int _firstInstance;
+        private readonly bool _indexed;
+
+        private readonly int _vertexDataOffset;
+        private readonly int _vertexDataSize;
+        private readonly int _geometryVertexDataOffset;
+        private readonly int _geometryVertexDataSize;
+        private readonly int _geometryIndexDataOffset;
+        private readonly int _geometryIndexDataSize;
+        private readonly int _geometryIndexDataCount;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new vertex, tessellation and geometry as compute shader state.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="context">GPU context</param>
+        /// <param name="channel">GPU channel</param>
+        /// <param name="state">3D engine state</param>
+        /// <param name="vacContext">Vertex as compute context</param>
+        /// <param name="engine">3D engine</param>
+        /// <param name="vertexAsCompute">Vertex shader converted to compute</param>
+        /// <param name="geometryAsCompute">Optional geometry shader converted to compute</param>
+        /// <param name="vertexPassthroughProgram">Fragment shader with a vertex passthrough shader to feed the compute output into the fragment stage</param>
+        /// <param name="topology">Primitive topology of the draw</param>
+        /// <param name="count">Index or vertex count of the draw</param>
+        /// <param name="instanceCount">Instance count</param>
+        /// <param name="firstIndex">First index on the index buffer, for indexed draws</param>
+        /// <param name="firstVertex">First vertex on the vertex buffer</param>
+        /// <param name="firstInstance">First instance</param>
+        /// <param name="indexed">Whether the draw is indexed</param>
+        public VtgAsComputeState(
+            GpuContext context,
+            GpuChannel channel,
+            DeviceStateWithShadow<ThreedClassState> state,
+            VtgAsComputeContext vacContext,
+            ThreedClass engine,
+            ShaderAsCompute vertexAsCompute,
+            ShaderAsCompute geometryAsCompute,
+            IProgram vertexPassthroughProgram,
+            PrimitiveTopology topology,
+            int count,
+            int instanceCount,
+            int firstIndex,
+            int firstVertex,
+            int firstInstance,
+            bool indexed)
+        {
+            _context = context;
+            _channel = channel;
+            _state = state;
+            _vacContext = vacContext;
+            _engine = engine;
+            _vertexAsCompute = vertexAsCompute;
+            _geometryAsCompute = geometryAsCompute;
+            _vertexPassthroughProgram = vertexPassthroughProgram;
+            _topology = topology;
+            _count = count;
+            _instanceCount = instanceCount;
+            _firstIndex = firstIndex;
+            _firstVertex = firstVertex;
+            _firstInstance = firstInstance;
+            _indexed = indexed;
+
+            int vertexDataSize = vertexAsCompute.Reservations.OutputSizeInBytesPerInvocation * count * instanceCount;
+
+            (_vertexDataOffset, _vertexDataSize) = _vacContext.GetVertexDataBuffer(vertexDataSize);
+
+            if (geometryAsCompute != null)
+            {
+                int totalPrimitivesCount = VtgAsComputeContext.GetPrimitivesCount(topology, count * instanceCount);
+                int maxCompleteStrips = GetMaxCompleteStrips(geometryAsCompute.Info.GeometryVerticesPerPrimitive, geometryAsCompute.Info.GeometryMaxOutputVertices);
+                int totalVerticesCount = totalPrimitivesCount * geometryAsCompute.Info.GeometryMaxOutputVertices * geometryAsCompute.Info.ThreadsPerInputPrimitive;
+                int geometryVbDataSize = totalVerticesCount * geometryAsCompute.Reservations.OutputSizeInBytesPerInvocation;
+                int geometryIbDataCount = totalVerticesCount + totalPrimitivesCount * maxCompleteStrips;
+                int geometryIbDataSize = geometryIbDataCount * sizeof(uint);
+
+                (_geometryVertexDataOffset, _geometryVertexDataSize) = vacContext.GetGeometryVertexDataBuffer(geometryVbDataSize);
+                (_geometryIndexDataOffset, _geometryIndexDataSize) = vacContext.GetGeometryIndexDataBuffer(geometryIbDataSize);
+
+                _geometryIndexDataCount = geometryIbDataCount;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Emulates the vertex stage using compute.
+        /// </summary>
+        public readonly void RunVertex()
+        {
+            _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetProgram(_vertexAsCompute.HostProgram);
+
+            int primitivesCount = VtgAsComputeContext.GetPrimitivesCount(_topology, _count);
+
+            _vacContext.VertexInfoBufferUpdater.SetVertexCounts(_count, _instanceCount, _firstVertex, _firstInstance);
+            _vacContext.VertexInfoBufferUpdater.SetGeometryCounts(primitivesCount);
+
+            for (int index = 0; index < Constants.TotalVertexAttribs; index++)
+            {
+                var vertexAttrib = _state.State.VertexAttribState[index];
+
+                if (!FormatTable.TryGetSingleComponentAttribFormat(vertexAttrib.UnpackFormat(), out Format format, out int componentsCount))
+                {
+                    Logger.Debug?.Print(LogClass.Gpu, $"Invalid attribute format 0x{vertexAttrib.UnpackFormat():X}.");
+
+                    format = vertexAttrib.UnpackType() switch
+                    {
+                        VertexAttribType.Sint => Format.R32Sint,
+                        VertexAttribType.Uint => Format.R32Uint,
+                        _ => Format.R32Float
+                    };
+
+                    componentsCount = 4;
+                }
+
+                if (vertexAttrib.UnpackIsConstant())
+                {
+                    _vacContext.VertexInfoBufferUpdater.SetVertexStride(index, 0, componentsCount);
+                    _vacContext.VertexInfoBufferUpdater.SetVertexOffset(index, 0, 0);
+                    SetDummyBufferTexture(_vertexAsCompute.Reservations, index, format);
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                int bufferIndex = vertexAttrib.UnpackBufferIndex();
+
+                GpuVa endAddress = _state.State.VertexBufferEndAddress[bufferIndex];
+                var vertexBuffer = _state.State.VertexBufferState[bufferIndex];
+                bool instanced = _state.State.VertexBufferInstanced[bufferIndex];
+
+                ulong address = vertexBuffer.Address.Pack();
+
+                if (!vertexBuffer.UnpackEnable() || !_channel.MemoryManager.IsMapped(address))
+                {
+                    _vacContext.VertexInfoBufferUpdater.SetVertexStride(index, 0, componentsCount);
+                    _vacContext.VertexInfoBufferUpdater.SetVertexOffset(index, 0, 0);
+                    SetDummyBufferTexture(_vertexAsCompute.Reservations, index, format);
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                int vbStride = vertexBuffer.UnpackStride();
+                ulong vbSize = GetVertexBufferSize(address, endAddress.Pack(), vbStride, _indexed, instanced, _firstVertex, _count);
+
+                ulong oldVbSize = vbSize;
+
+                ulong attributeOffset = (ulong)vertexAttrib.UnpackOffset();
+                int componentSize = format.GetScalarSize();
+
+                address += attributeOffset;
+
+                ulong misalign = address & ((ulong)_context.Capabilities.TextureBufferOffsetAlignment - 1);
+
+                vbSize = Align(vbSize - attributeOffset + misalign, componentSize);
+
+                SetBufferTexture(_vertexAsCompute.Reservations, index, format, address - misalign, vbSize);
+
+                _vacContext.VertexInfoBufferUpdater.SetVertexStride(index, vbStride / componentSize, componentsCount);
+                _vacContext.VertexInfoBufferUpdater.SetVertexOffset(index, (int)misalign / componentSize, instanced ? vertexBuffer.Divisor : 0);
+            }
+
+            if (_indexed)
+            {
+                SetIndexBufferTexture(_vertexAsCompute.Reservations, _firstIndex, _count, out int ibOffset);
+                _vacContext.VertexInfoBufferUpdater.SetIndexBufferOffset(ibOffset);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                SetSequentialIndexBufferTexture(_vertexAsCompute.Reservations, _count);
+                _vacContext.VertexInfoBufferUpdater.SetIndexBufferOffset(0);
+            }
+
+            int vertexInfoBinding = _vertexAsCompute.Reservations.VertexInfoConstantBufferBinding;
+            BufferRange vertexInfoRange = new(_vacContext.VertexInfoBufferUpdater.Handle, 0, VertexInfoBuffer.RequiredSize);
+            _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetUniformBuffers(stackalloc[] { new BufferAssignment(vertexInfoBinding, vertexInfoRange) });
+
+            int vertexDataBinding = _vertexAsCompute.Reservations.VertexOutputStorageBufferBinding;
+            BufferRange vertexDataRange = _vacContext.GetVertexDataBufferRange(_vertexDataOffset, _vertexDataSize);
+            _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetStorageBuffers(stackalloc[] { new BufferAssignment(vertexDataBinding, vertexDataRange) });
+
+            _vacContext.VertexInfoBufferUpdater.Commit();
+
+            _context.Renderer.Pipeline.DispatchCompute(
+                BitUtils.DivRoundUp(_count, ComputeLocalSize),
+                BitUtils.DivRoundUp(_instanceCount, ComputeLocalSize),
+                1);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Emulates the geometry stage using compute, if it exists, otherwise does nothing.
+        /// </summary>
+        public readonly void RunGeometry()
+        {
+            if (_geometryAsCompute == null)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            int primitivesCount = VtgAsComputeContext.GetPrimitivesCount(_topology, _count);
+
+            _vacContext.VertexInfoBufferUpdater.SetVertexCounts(_count, _instanceCount, _firstVertex, _firstInstance);
+            _vacContext.VertexInfoBufferUpdater.SetGeometryCounts(primitivesCount);
+            _vacContext.VertexInfoBufferUpdater.Commit();
+
+            int vertexInfoBinding = _vertexAsCompute.Reservations.VertexInfoConstantBufferBinding;
+            BufferRange vertexInfoRange = new(_vacContext.VertexInfoBufferUpdater.Handle, 0, VertexInfoBuffer.RequiredSize);
+            _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetUniformBuffers(stackalloc[] { new BufferAssignment(vertexInfoBinding, vertexInfoRange) });
+
+            int vertexDataBinding = _vertexAsCompute.Reservations.VertexOutputStorageBufferBinding;
+
+            // Wait until compute is done.
+            // TODO: Batch compute and draw operations to avoid pipeline stalls.
+            _context.Renderer.Pipeline.Barrier();
+            _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetProgram(_geometryAsCompute.HostProgram);
+
+            SetTopologyRemapBufferTexture(_geometryAsCompute.Reservations, _topology, _count);
+
+            int geometryVbBinding = _geometryAsCompute.Reservations.GeometryVertexOutputStorageBufferBinding;
+            int geometryIbBinding = _geometryAsCompute.Reservations.GeometryIndexOutputStorageBufferBinding;
+
+            BufferRange vertexDataRange = _vacContext.GetVertexDataBufferRange(_vertexDataOffset, _vertexDataSize);
+            BufferRange vertexBuffer = _vacContext.GetGeometryVertexDataBufferRange(_geometryVertexDataOffset, _geometryVertexDataSize);
+            BufferRange indexBuffer = _vacContext.GetGeometryIndexDataBufferRange(_geometryIndexDataOffset, _geometryIndexDataSize);
+
+            _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetStorageBuffers(stackalloc[]
+            {
+                new BufferAssignment(vertexDataBinding, vertexDataRange),
+                new BufferAssignment(geometryVbBinding, vertexBuffer),
+                new BufferAssignment(geometryIbBinding, indexBuffer),
+            });
+
+            _context.Renderer.Pipeline.DispatchCompute(
+                BitUtils.DivRoundUp(primitivesCount, ComputeLocalSize),
+                BitUtils.DivRoundUp(_instanceCount, ComputeLocalSize),
+                _geometryAsCompute.Info.ThreadsPerInputPrimitive);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Performs a draw using the data produced on the vertex, tessellation and geometry stages,
+        /// if rasterizer discard is disabled.
+        /// </summary>
+        public readonly void RunFragment()
+        {
+            bool tfEnabled = _state.State.TfEnable;
+
+            if (!_state.State.RasterizeEnable && (!tfEnabled || !_context.Capabilities.SupportsTransformFeedback))
+            {
+                // No need to run fragment if rasterizer discard is enabled,
+                // and we are emulating transform feedback or transform feedback is disabled.
+
+                // Note: We might skip geometry shader here, but right now, this is fine,
+                // because the only cases that triggers VTG to compute are geometry shader
+                // being not supported, or the vertex pipeline doing store operations.
+                // If the geometry shader does not do any store and rasterizer discard is enabled, the geometry shader can be skipped.
+                // If the geometry shader does have stores, it would have been converted to compute too if stores are not supported.
+
+                return;
+            }
+
+            int vertexDataBinding = _vertexAsCompute.Reservations.VertexOutputStorageBufferBinding;
+
+            _context.Renderer.Pipeline.Barrier();
+
+            _vacContext.VertexInfoBufferUpdater.SetVertexCounts(_count, _instanceCount, _firstVertex, _firstInstance);
+            _vacContext.VertexInfoBufferUpdater.Commit();
+
+            if (_geometryAsCompute != null)
+            {
+                BufferRange vertexBuffer = _vacContext.GetGeometryVertexDataBufferRange(_geometryVertexDataOffset, _geometryVertexDataSize);
+                BufferRange indexBuffer = _vacContext.GetGeometryIndexDataBufferRange(_geometryIndexDataOffset, _geometryIndexDataSize);
+
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetProgram(_vertexPassthroughProgram);
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetIndexBuffer(indexBuffer, IndexType.UInt);
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetStorageBuffers(stackalloc[] { new BufferAssignment(vertexDataBinding, vertexBuffer) });
+
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetPrimitiveRestart(true, -1);
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetPrimitiveTopology(GetGeometryOutputTopology(_geometryAsCompute.Info.GeometryVerticesPerPrimitive));
+
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.DrawIndexed(_geometryIndexDataCount, 1, 0, 0, 0);
+
+                _engine.ForceStateDirtyByIndex(StateUpdater.IndexBufferStateIndex);
+                _engine.ForceStateDirtyByIndex(StateUpdater.PrimitiveRestartStateIndex);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                BufferRange vertexDataRange = _vacContext.GetVertexDataBufferRange(_vertexDataOffset, _vertexDataSize);
+
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetProgram(_vertexPassthroughProgram);
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetStorageBuffers(stackalloc[] { new BufferAssignment(vertexDataBinding, vertexDataRange) });
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.Draw(_count, _instanceCount, 0, 0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a strip primitive topology from the vertices per primitive count.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="verticesPerPrimitive">Vertices per primitive count</param>
+        /// <returns>Primitive topology</returns>
+        private static PrimitiveTopology GetGeometryOutputTopology(int verticesPerPrimitive)
+        {
+            return verticesPerPrimitive switch
+            {
+                3 => PrimitiveTopology.TriangleStrip,
+                2 => PrimitiveTopology.LineStrip,
+                _ => PrimitiveTopology.Points,
+            };
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the maximum number of complete primitive strips for a vertex count.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="verticesPerPrimitive">Vertices per primitive count</param>
+        /// <param name="maxOutputVertices">Maximum geometry shader output vertices count</param>
+        /// <returns>Maximum number of complete primitive strips</returns>
+        private static int GetMaxCompleteStrips(int verticesPerPrimitive, int maxOutputVertices)
+        {
+            return maxOutputVertices / verticesPerPrimitive;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Binds a dummy buffer as vertex buffer into a buffer texture.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="reservations">Shader resource binding reservations</param>
+        /// <param name="index">Buffer texture index</param>
+        /// <param name="format">Buffer texture format</param>
+        private readonly void SetDummyBufferTexture(ResourceReservations reservations, int index, Format format)
+        {
+            ITexture bufferTexture = _vacContext.EnsureBufferTexture(index + 2, format);
+            bufferTexture.SetStorage(_vacContext.GetDummyBufferRange());
+
+            _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureAndSampler(ShaderStage.Compute, reservations.GetVertexBufferTextureBinding(index), bufferTexture, null);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Binds a vertex buffer into a buffer texture.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="reservations">Shader resource binding reservations</param>
+        /// <param name="index">Buffer texture index</param>
+        /// <param name="format">Buffer texture format</param>
+        /// <param name="address">Address of the vertex buffer</param>
+        /// <param name="size">Size of the buffer in bytes</param>
+        private readonly void SetBufferTexture(ResourceReservations reservations, int index, Format format, ulong address, ulong size)
+        {
+            var memoryManager = _channel.MemoryManager;
+
+            address = memoryManager.Translate(address);
+            BufferRange range = memoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.GetBufferRange(address, size);
+
+            ITexture bufferTexture = _vacContext.EnsureBufferTexture(index + 2, format);
+            bufferTexture.SetStorage(range);
+
+            _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureAndSampler(ShaderStage.Compute, reservations.GetVertexBufferTextureBinding(index), bufferTexture, null);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Binds the index buffer into a buffer texture.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="reservations">Shader resource binding reservations</param>
+        /// <param name="firstIndex">First index of the index buffer</param>
+        /// <param name="count">Index count</param>
+        /// <param name="misalignedOffset">Offset that should be added when accessing the buffer texture on the shader</param>
+        private readonly void SetIndexBufferTexture(ResourceReservations reservations, int firstIndex, int count, out int misalignedOffset)
+        {
+            ulong address = _state.State.IndexBufferState.Address.Pack();
+            ulong indexOffset = (ulong)firstIndex;
+            ulong size = (ulong)count;
+
+            int shift = 0;
+            Format format = Format.R8Uint;
+
+            switch (_state.State.IndexBufferState.Type)
+            {
+                case IndexType.UShort:
+                    shift = 1;
+                    format = Format.R16Uint;
+                    break;
+                case IndexType.UInt:
+                    shift = 2;
+                    format = Format.R32Uint;
+                    break;
+            }
+
+            indexOffset <<= shift;
+            size <<= shift;
+
+            var memoryManager = _channel.MemoryManager;
+
+            address = memoryManager.Translate(address + indexOffset);
+            ulong misalign = address & ((ulong)_context.Capabilities.TextureBufferOffsetAlignment - 1);
+            BufferRange range = memoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.GetBufferRange(address - misalign, size + misalign);
+            misalignedOffset = (int)misalign >> shift;
+
+            SetIndexBufferTexture(reservations, range, format);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the host buffer texture for the index buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="reservations">Shader resource binding reservations</param>
+        /// <param name="range">Index buffer range</param>
+        /// <param name="format">Index buffer format</param>
+        private readonly void SetIndexBufferTexture(ResourceReservations reservations, BufferRange range, Format format)
+        {
+            ITexture bufferTexture = _vacContext.EnsureBufferTexture(0, format);
+            bufferTexture.SetStorage(range);
+
+            _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureAndSampler(ShaderStage.Compute, reservations.IndexBufferTextureBinding, bufferTexture, null);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the host buffer texture for the topology remap buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="reservations">Shader resource binding reservations</param>
+        /// <param name="topology">Input topology</param>
+        /// <param name="count">Input vertex count</param>
+        private readonly void SetTopologyRemapBufferTexture(ResourceReservations reservations, PrimitiveTopology topology, int count)
+        {
+            ITexture bufferTexture = _vacContext.EnsureBufferTexture(1, Format.R32Uint);
+            bufferTexture.SetStorage(_vacContext.GetOrCreateTopologyRemapBuffer(topology, count));
+
+            _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureAndSampler(ShaderStage.Compute, reservations.TopologyRemapBufferTextureBinding, bufferTexture, null);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the host buffer texture to a generated sequential index buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="reservations">Shader resource binding reservations</param>
+        /// <param name="count">Vertex count</param>
+        private readonly void SetSequentialIndexBufferTexture(ResourceReservations reservations, int count)
+        {
+            BufferHandle sequentialIndexBuffer = _vacContext.GetSequentialIndexBuffer(count);
+
+            ITexture bufferTexture = _vacContext.EnsureBufferTexture(0, Format.R32Uint);
+            bufferTexture.SetStorage(new BufferRange(sequentialIndexBuffer, 0, count * sizeof(uint)));
+
+            _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureAndSampler(ShaderStage.Compute, reservations.IndexBufferTextureBinding, bufferTexture, null);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the size of a vertex buffer based on the current 3D engine state.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="vbAddress">Vertex buffer address</param>
+        /// <param name="vbEndAddress">Vertex buffer end address (exclusive)</param>
+        /// <param name="vbStride">Vertex buffer stride</param>
+        /// <param name="indexed">Whether the draw is indexed</param>
+        /// <param name="instanced">Whether the draw is instanced</param>
+        /// <param name="firstVertex">First vertex index</param>
+        /// <param name="vertexCount">Vertex count</param>
+        /// <returns>Size of the vertex buffer, in bytes</returns>
+        private readonly ulong GetVertexBufferSize(ulong vbAddress, ulong vbEndAddress, int vbStride, bool indexed, bool instanced, int firstVertex, int vertexCount)
+        {
+            IndexType indexType = _state.State.IndexBufferState.Type;
+            bool indexTypeSmall = indexType == IndexType.UByte || indexType == IndexType.UShort;
+            ulong vbSize = vbEndAddress - vbAddress + 1;
+            ulong size;
+
+            if (indexed || vbStride == 0 || instanced)
+            {
+                // This size may be (much) larger than the real vertex buffer size.
+                // Avoid calculating it this way, unless we don't have any other option.
+
+                size = vbSize;
+
+                if (vbStride > 0 && indexTypeSmall && indexed && !instanced)
+                {
+                    // If the index type is a small integer type, then we might be still able
+                    // to reduce the vertex buffer size based on the maximum possible index value.
+
+                    ulong maxVertexBufferSize = indexType == IndexType.UByte ? 0x100UL : 0x10000UL;
+
+                    maxVertexBufferSize += _state.State.FirstVertex;
+                    maxVertexBufferSize *= (uint)vbStride;
+
+                    size = Math.Min(size, maxVertexBufferSize);
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // For non-indexed draws, we can guess the size from the vertex count
+                // and stride.
+
+                int firstInstance = (int)_state.State.FirstInstance;
+
+                size = Math.Min(vbSize, (ulong)((firstInstance + firstVertex + vertexCount) * vbStride));
+            }
+
+            return size;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Aligns a size to a given alignment value.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="size">Size</param>
+        /// <param name="alignment">Alignment</param>
+        /// <returns>Aligned size</returns>
+        private static ulong Align(ulong size, int alignment)
+        {
+            ulong align = (ulong)alignment;
+
+            size += align - 1;
+
+            size /= align;
+            size *= align;
+
+            return size;
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Threed/DrawManager.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed.ComputeDraw;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Types;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory;
 using System;
@@ -8,7 +9,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
     /// <summary>
     /// Draw manager.
     /// </summary>
-    class DrawManager
+    class DrawManager : IDisposable
     {
         // Since we don't know the index buffer size for indirect draws,
         // we must assume a minimum and maximum size and use that for buffer data update purposes.
@@ -20,6 +21,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
         private readonly DeviceStateWithShadow<ThreedClassState> _state;
         private readonly DrawState _drawState;
         private readonly SpecializationStateUpdater _currentSpecState;
+        private readonly VtgAsCompute _vtgAsCompute;
         private bool _topologySet;
 
         private bool _instancedDrawPending;
@@ -53,6 +55,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
             _state = state;
             _drawState = drawState;
             _currentSpecState = spec;
+            _vtgAsCompute = new(context, channel, state);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -127,7 +130,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
             {
                 if (renderEnable == ConditionalRenderEnabled.False)
                 {
-                    PerformDeferredDraws();
+                    PerformDeferredDraws(engine);
                 }
 
                 _drawState.DrawIndexed = false;
@@ -190,13 +193,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
 
                 _channel.BufferManager.SetIndexBuffer(br, IndexType.UInt);
 
-                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.DrawIndexed(inlineIndexCount, 1, firstIndex, firstVertex, firstInstance);
+                DrawImpl(engine, inlineIndexCount, 1, firstIndex, firstVertex, firstInstance, indexed: true);
             }
             else if (_drawState.DrawIndexed)
             {
                 int firstVertex = (int)_state.State.FirstVertex;
 
-                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.DrawIndexed(indexCount, 1, firstIndex, firstVertex, firstInstance);
+                DrawImpl(engine, indexCount, 1, firstIndex, firstVertex, firstInstance, indexed: true);
             }
             else
             {
@@ -204,7 +207,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
                 var drawState = _state.State.VertexBufferDrawState;
 #pragma warning restore IDE0059
 
-                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.Draw(drawVertexCount, 1, drawFirstVertex, firstInstance);
+                DrawImpl(engine, drawVertexCount, 1, 0, drawFirstVertex, firstInstance, indexed: false);
             }
 
             _drawState.DrawIndexed = false;
@@ -219,24 +222,26 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
         /// Starts draw.
         /// This sets primitive type and instanced draw parameters.
         /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="engine">3D engine where this method is being called</param>
         /// <param name="argument">Method call argument</param>
-        public void DrawBegin(int argument)
+        public void DrawBegin(ThreedClass engine, int argument)
         {
             bool incrementInstance = (argument & (1 << 26)) != 0;
             bool resetInstance = (argument & (1 << 27)) == 0;
 
             PrimitiveType type = (PrimitiveType)(argument & 0xffff);
-            DrawBegin(incrementInstance, resetInstance, type);
+            DrawBegin(engine, incrementInstance, resetInstance, type);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Starts draw.
         /// This sets primitive type and instanced draw parameters.
         /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="engine">3D engine where this method is being called</param>
         /// <param name="incrementInstance">Indicates if the current instance should be incremented</param>
         /// <param name="resetInstance">Indicates if the current instance should be set to zero</param>
         /// <param name="primitiveType">Primitive type</param>
-        private void DrawBegin(bool incrementInstance, bool resetInstance, PrimitiveType primitiveType)
+        private void DrawBegin(ThreedClass engine, bool incrementInstance, bool resetInstance, PrimitiveType primitiveType)
         {
             if (incrementInstance)
             {
@@ -244,7 +249,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
             }
             else if (resetInstance)
             {
-                PerformDeferredDraws();
+                PerformDeferredDraws(engine);
 
                 _instanceIndex = 0;
             }
@@ -364,7 +369,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
         /// <param name="instanced">True to increment the current instance value, false otherwise</param>
         private void DrawIndexBufferBeginEndInstance(ThreedClass engine, int argument, bool instanced)
         {
-            DrawBegin(instanced, !instanced, (PrimitiveType)((argument >> 28) & 0xf));
+            DrawBegin(engine, instanced, !instanced, (PrimitiveType)((argument >> 28) & 0xf));
 
             int firstIndex = argument & 0xffff;
             int indexCount = (argument >> 16) & 0xfff;
@@ -409,7 +414,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
         /// <param name="instanced">True to increment the current instance value, false otherwise</param>
         private void DrawVertexArrayBeginEndInstance(ThreedClass engine, int argument, bool instanced)
         {
-            DrawBegin(instanced, !instanced, (PrimitiveType)((argument >> 28) & 0xf));
+            DrawBegin(engine, instanced, !instanced, (PrimitiveType)((argument >> 28) & 0xf));
 
             int firstVertex = argument & 0xffff;
             int vertexCount = (argument >> 16) & 0xfff;
@@ -541,23 +546,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
 
             engine.UpdateState();
 
-            if (instanceCount > 1)
-            {
-                // Must be called after UpdateState as it assumes the shader state
-                // has already been set, and that bindings have been updated already.
-
-                _channel.BufferManager.SetInstancedDrawVertexCount(count);
-            }
+            DrawImpl(engine, count, instanceCount, firstIndex, firstVertex, firstInstance, indexed);
 
             if (indexed)
             {
-                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.DrawIndexed(count, instanceCount, firstIndex, firstVertex, firstInstance);
                 _state.State.FirstVertex = 0;
             }
-            else
-            {
-                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.Draw(count, instanceCount, firstVertex, firstInstance);
-            }
 
             _state.State.FirstInstance = 0;
 
@@ -569,6 +563,67 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
             }
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Performs a indexed or non-indexed draw.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="engine">3D engine where this method is being called</param>
+        /// <param name="count">Index count for indexed draws, vertex count for non-indexed draws</param>
+        /// <param name="instanceCount">Instance count</param>
+        /// <param name="firstIndex">First index on the index buffer for indexed draws, ignored for non-indexed draws</param>
+        /// <param name="firstVertex">First vertex on the vertex buffer</param>
+        /// <param name="firstInstance">First instance</param>
+        /// <param name="indexed">True if the draw is indexed, false otherwise</param>
+        private void DrawImpl(
+            ThreedClass engine,
+            int count,
+            int instanceCount,
+            int firstIndex,
+            int firstVertex,
+            int firstInstance,
+            bool indexed)
+        {
+            if (instanceCount > 1)
+            {
+                _channel.BufferManager.SetInstancedDrawVertexCount(count);
+            }
+
+            if (_drawState.VertexAsCompute != null)
+            {
+                _vtgAsCompute.DrawAsCompute(
+                    engine,
+                    _drawState.VertexAsCompute,
+                    _drawState.GeometryAsCompute,
+                    _drawState.VertexPassthrough,
+                    _drawState.Topology,
+                    count,
+                    instanceCount,
+                    firstIndex,
+                    firstVertex,
+                    firstInstance,
+                    indexed);
+
+                if (_drawState.GeometryAsCompute != null)
+                {
+                    // Geometry draws need to change the topology, so we need to set it here again
+                    // if we are going to do a regular draw.
+                    // Would have been better to do that on the callee, but doing it here
+                    // avoids having to pass the draw manager instance.
+                    ForceStateDirty();
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (indexed)
+                {
+                    _context.Renderer.Pipeline.DrawIndexed(count, instanceCount, firstIndex, firstVertex, firstInstance);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    _context.Renderer.Pipeline.Draw(count, instanceCount, firstVertex, firstInstance);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Performs a indirect draw, with parameters from a GPU buffer.
         /// </summary>
@@ -667,43 +722,42 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
         /// Once we detect the last instanced draw, then we perform the host instanced draw,
         /// with the accumulated instance count.
         /// </summary>
-        public void PerformDeferredDraws()
+        /// <param name="engine">3D engine where this method is being called</param>
+        public void PerformDeferredDraws(ThreedClass engine)
         {
             // Perform any pending instanced draw.
             if (_instancedDrawPending)
             {
                 _instancedDrawPending = false;
 
+                int instanceCount = _instanceIndex + 1;
+                int firstInstance = _instancedFirstInstance;
                 bool indexedInline = _instancedIndexedInline;
 
                 if (_instancedIndexed || indexedInline)
                 {
+                    int indexCount = _instancedIndexCount;
+
                     if (indexedInline)
                     {
                         int inlineIndexCount = _drawState.IbStreamer.GetAndResetInlineIndexCount(_context.Renderer);
                         BufferRange br = new(_drawState.IbStreamer.GetInlineIndexBuffer(), 0, inlineIndexCount * 4);
 
                         _channel.BufferManager.SetIndexBuffer(br, IndexType.UInt);
+                        indexCount = inlineIndexCount;
                     }
 
-                    _channel.BufferManager.SetInstancedDrawVertexCount(_instancedIndexCount);
+                    int firstIndex = _instancedFirstIndex;
+                    int firstVertex = _instancedFirstVertex;
 
-                    _context.Renderer.Pipeline.DrawIndexed(
-                        _instancedIndexCount,
-                        _instanceIndex + 1,
-                        _instancedFirstIndex,
-                        _instancedFirstVertex,
-                        _instancedFirstInstance);
+                    DrawImpl(engine, indexCount, instanceCount, firstIndex, firstVertex, firstInstance, indexed: true);
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    _channel.BufferManager.SetInstancedDrawVertexCount(_instancedDrawStateCount);
+                    int vertexCount = _instancedDrawStateCount;
+                    int firstVertex = _instancedDrawStateFirst;
 
-                    _context.Renderer.Pipeline.Draw(
-                        _instancedDrawStateCount,
-                        _instanceIndex + 1,
-                        _instancedDrawStateFirst,
-                        _instancedFirstInstance);
+                    DrawImpl(engine, vertexCount, instanceCount, 0, firstVertex, firstInstance, indexed: false);
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -866,5 +920,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
                 _context.Renderer.Pipeline.EndHostConditionalRendering();
             }
         }
+
+        protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
+        {
+            if (disposing)
+            {
+                _vtgAsCompute.Dispose();
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            Dispose(true);
+            GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Threed/DrawState.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
 {
@@ -61,5 +62,20 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
         /// Index buffer data streamer for inline index buffer updates, such as those used in legacy OpenGL.
         /// </summary>
         public IbStreamer IbStreamer = new();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// If the vertex shader is emulated on compute, this should be set to the compute program, otherwise it should be null.
+        /// </summary>
+        public ShaderAsCompute VertexAsCompute;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// If a geometry shader exists and is emulated on compute, this should be set to the compute program, otherwise it should be null.
+        /// </summary>
+        public ShaderAsCompute GeometryAsCompute;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// If the vertex shader is emulated on compute, this should be set to the passthrough vertex program, otherwise it should be null.
+        /// </summary>
+        public IProgram VertexPassthrough;
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Threed/SpecializationStateUpdater.cs

@@ -218,11 +218,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
         {
             bool changed = false;
             ref Array32<AttributeType> attributeTypes = ref _graphics.AttributeTypes;
-            bool supportsScaledFormats = _context.Capabilities.SupportsScaledVertexFormats;
+            bool mayConvertVtgToCompute = ShaderCache.MayConvertVtgToCompute(ref _context.Capabilities);
+            bool supportsScaledFormats = _context.Capabilities.SupportsScaledVertexFormats && !mayConvertVtgToCompute;
 
             for (int location = 0; location < state.Length; location++)
             {
                 VertexAttribType type = state[location].UnpackType();
+                VertexAttribSize size = state[location].UnpackSize();
 
                 AttributeType value;
 
@@ -247,6 +249,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
                     };
                 }
 
+                if (mayConvertVtgToCompute && (size == VertexAttribSize.Rgb10A2 || size == VertexAttribSize.Rg11B10))
+                {
+                    value |= AttributeType.Packed;
+
+                    if (type == VertexAttribType.Snorm ||
+                        type == VertexAttribType.Sint ||
+                        type == VertexAttribType.Sscaled)
+                    {
+                        value |= AttributeType.PackedRgb10A2Signed;
+                    }
+                }
+
                 if (attributeTypes[location] != value)
                 {
                     attributeTypes[location] = value;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Threed/StateUpdater.cs

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
         public const int RasterizerStateIndex = 15;
         public const int ScissorStateIndex = 16;
         public const int VertexBufferStateIndex = 0;
+        public const int IndexBufferStateIndex = 23;
         public const int PrimitiveRestartStateIndex = 12;
         public const int RenderTargetStateIndex = 27;
 
@@ -290,7 +291,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
             // of the shader for the new state.
             if (_shaderSpecState != null && _currentSpecState.HasChanged())
             {
-                if (!_shaderSpecState.MatchesGraphics(_channel, ref _currentSpecState.GetPoolState(), ref _currentSpecState.GetGraphicsState(), _vsUsesDrawParameters, false))
+                if (!_shaderSpecState.MatchesGraphics(
+                    _channel,
+                    ref _currentSpecState.GetPoolState(),
+                    ref _currentSpecState.GetGraphicsState(),
+                    _drawState.VertexAsCompute != null,
+                    _vsUsesDrawParameters,
+                    checkTextures: false))
                 {
                     // Shader must be reloaded. _vtgWritesRtLayer should not change.
                     UpdateShaderState();
@@ -1453,6 +1460,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
                 _fsReadsFragCoord = false;
             }
 
+            if (gs.VertexAsCompute != null)
+            {
+                _drawState.VertexAsCompute = gs.VertexAsCompute;
+                _drawState.GeometryAsCompute = gs.GeometryAsCompute;
+                _drawState.VertexPassthrough = gs.HostProgram;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _drawState.VertexAsCompute = null;
+                _drawState.GeometryAsCompute = null;
+                _drawState.VertexPassthrough = null;
+            }
+
             _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetProgram(gs.HostProgram);
         }
 
@@ -1540,5 +1560,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
         {
             _updateTracker.ForceDirty(ShaderStateIndex);
         }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Forces a register group as dirty, by index.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="groupIndex">Index of the group to be dirtied</param>
+        public void ForceDirty(int groupIndex)
+        {
+            _updateTracker.ForceDirty(groupIndex);
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Threed/ThreedClass.cs

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
     /// <summary>
     /// Represents a 3D engine class.
     /// </summary>
-    class ThreedClass : IDeviceState
+    class ThreedClass : IDeviceState, IDisposable
     {
         private readonly GpuContext _context;
         private readonly GPFifoClass _fifoClass;
@@ -178,6 +178,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
             _stateUpdater.SetDirty(offset);
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Marks the specified register range for a group index as dirty, forcing the associated state to update on the next draw.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="groupIndex">Index of the group to dirty</param>
+        public void ForceStateDirtyByIndex(int groupIndex)
+        {
+            _stateUpdater.ForceDirty(groupIndex);
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Forces the shaders to be rebound on the next draw.
         /// </summary>
@@ -207,7 +216,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
         /// </summary>
         public void PerformDeferredDraws()
         {
-            _drawManager.PerformDeferredDraws();
+            _drawManager.PerformDeferredDraws(this);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -402,7 +411,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
         /// <param name="argument">Method call argument</param>
         private void DrawBegin(int argument)
         {
-            _drawManager.DrawBegin(argument);
+            _drawManager.DrawBegin(this, argument);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -617,5 +626,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed
         {
             _drawManager.Clear(this, argument, layerCount);
         }
+
+        protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
+        {
+            if (disposing)
+            {
+                _drawManager.Dispose();
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            Dispose(true);
+            GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/GpuChannel.cs

@@ -135,6 +135,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu
         /// </summary>
         private void Destroy()
         {
+            _processor.Dispose();
             TextureManager.Dispose();
 
             var oldMemoryManager = Interlocked.Exchange(ref _memoryManager, null);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/FormatTable.cs

@@ -557,6 +557,91 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         };
 #pragma warning restore IDE0055
 
+        // Note: Some of those formats have been changed and requires conversion on the shader,
+        // as GPUs don't support them when used as buffer texture format.
+        private static readonly Dictionary<VertexAttributeFormat, (Format, int)> _singleComponentAttribFormats = new()
+        {
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R8Unorm,             (Format.R8Unorm, 1)          },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R8Snorm,             (Format.R8Snorm, 1)          },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R8Uint,              (Format.R8Uint, 1)           },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R8Sint,              (Format.R8Sint, 1)           },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R16Float,            (Format.R16Float, 1)         },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R16Unorm,            (Format.R16Unorm, 1)         },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R16Snorm,            (Format.R16Snorm, 1)         },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R16Uint,             (Format.R16Uint, 1)          },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R16Sint,             (Format.R16Sint, 1)          },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R32Float,            (Format.R32Float, 1)         },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R32Uint,             (Format.R32Uint, 1)          },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R32Sint,             (Format.R32Sint, 1)          },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R8G8Unorm,           (Format.R8Unorm, 2)          },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R8G8Snorm,           (Format.R8Snorm, 2)          },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R8G8Uint,            (Format.R8Uint, 2)           },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R8G8Sint,            (Format.R8Sint, 2)           },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R16G16Float,         (Format.R16Float, 2)         },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R16G16Unorm,         (Format.R16Unorm, 2)         },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R16G16Snorm,         (Format.R16Snorm, 2)         },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R16G16Uint,          (Format.R16Uint, 2)          },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R16G16Sint,          (Format.R16Sint, 2)          },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R32G32Float,         (Format.R32Float, 2)         },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R32G32Uint,          (Format.R32Uint, 2)          },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R32G32Sint,          (Format.R32Sint, 2)          },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R8G8B8Unorm,         (Format.R8Unorm, 3)          },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R8G8B8Snorm,         (Format.R8Snorm, 3)          },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R8G8B8Uint,          (Format.R8Uint, 3)           },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R8G8B8Sint,          (Format.R8Sint, 3)           },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R16G16B16Float,      (Format.R16Float, 3)         },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R16G16B16Unorm,      (Format.R16Unorm, 3)         },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R16G16B16Snorm,      (Format.R16Snorm, 3)         },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R16G16B16Uint,       (Format.R16Uint, 3)          },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R16G16B16Sint,       (Format.R16Sint, 3)          },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R32G32B32Float,      (Format.R32Float, 3)         },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R32G32B32Uint,       (Format.R32Uint, 3)          },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R32G32B32Sint,       (Format.R32Sint, 3)          },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R8G8B8A8Unorm,       (Format.R8Unorm, 4)          },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R8G8B8A8Snorm,       (Format.R8Snorm, 4)          },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R8G8B8A8Uint,        (Format.R8Uint, 4)           },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R8G8B8A8Sint,        (Format.R8Sint, 4)           },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R16G16B16A16Float,   (Format.R16Float, 4)         },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R16G16B16A16Unorm,   (Format.R16Unorm, 4)         },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R16G16B16A16Snorm,   (Format.R16Snorm, 4)         },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R16G16B16A16Uint,    (Format.R16Uint, 4)          },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R16G16B16A16Sint,    (Format.R16Sint, 4)          },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R32G32B32A32Float,   (Format.R32Float, 4)         },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R32G32B32A32Uint,    (Format.R32Uint, 4)          },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R32G32B32A32Sint,    (Format.R32Sint, 4)          },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.A2B10G10R10Unorm,    (Format.R10G10B10A2Unorm, 4) },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.A2B10G10R10Uint,     (Format.R10G10B10A2Uint, 4)  },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.B10G11R11Float,      (Format.R11G11B10Float, 3)   },
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R8Uscaled,           (Format.R8Uint, 1)           }, // Uscaled -> Uint
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R8Sscaled,           (Format.R8Sint, 1)           }, // Sscaled -> Sint
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R16Uscaled,          (Format.R16Uint, 1)          }, // Uscaled -> Uint
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R16Sscaled,          (Format.R16Sint, 1)          }, // Sscaled -> Sint
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R32Uscaled,          (Format.R32Uint, 1)          }, // Uscaled -> Uint
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R32Sscaled,          (Format.R32Sint, 1)          }, // Sscaled -> Sint
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R8G8Uscaled,         (Format.R8Uint, 2)           }, // Uscaled -> Uint
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R8G8Sscaled,         (Format.R8Sint, 2)           }, // Sscaled -> Sint
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R16G16Uscaled,       (Format.R16Uint, 2)          }, // Uscaled -> Uint
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R16G16Sscaled,       (Format.R16Sint, 2)          }, // Sscaled -> Sint
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R32G32Uscaled,       (Format.R32Uint, 2)          }, // Uscaled -> Uint
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R32G32Sscaled,       (Format.R32Sint, 2)          }, // Sscaled -> Sint
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R8G8B8Uscaled,       (Format.R8Uint, 3)           }, // Uscaled -> Uint
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R8G8B8Sscaled,       (Format.R8Sint, 3)           }, // Sscaled -> Sint
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R16G16B16Uscaled,    (Format.R16Uint, 3)          }, // Uscaled -> Uint
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R16G16B16Sscaled,    (Format.R16Sint, 3)          }, // Sscaled -> Sint
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R32G32B32Uscaled,    (Format.R32Uint, 3)          }, // Uscaled -> Uint
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R32G32B32Sscaled,    (Format.R32Sint , 3)         }, // Sscaled -> Sint
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R8G8B8A8Uscaled,     (Format.R8Uint, 4)           }, // Uscaled -> Uint
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R8G8B8A8Sscaled,     (Format.R8Sint, 4)           }, // Sscaled -> Sint
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R16G16B16A16Uscaled, (Format.R16Uint, 4)          }, // Uscaled -> Uint
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R16G16B16A16Sscaled, (Format.R16Sint, 4)          }, // Sscaled -> Sint
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R32G32B32A32Uscaled, (Format.R32Uint, 4)          }, // Uscaled -> Uint
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.R32G32B32A32Sscaled, (Format.R32Sint, 4)          }, // Sscaled -> Sint
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.A2B10G10R10Snorm,    (Format.R10G10B10A2Uint, 4)  }, // Snorm -> Uint
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.A2B10G10R10Sint,     (Format.R10G10B10A2Uint, 4)  }, // Sint -> Uint
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.A2B10G10R10Uscaled,  (Format.R10G10B10A2Uint, 4)  }, // Uscaled -> Uint
+            { VertexAttributeFormat.A2B10G10R10Sscaled,  (Format.R10G10B10A2Sint, 4)  }  // Sscaled -> Sint
+        };
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Try getting the texture format from an encoded format integer from the Maxwell texture descriptor.
         /// </summary>
@@ -581,5 +666,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         {
             return _attribFormats.TryGetValue((VertexAttributeFormat)encoded, out format);
         }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Try getting a single component vertex attribute format from an encoded format integer from Maxwell attribute registers.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="encoded">The encoded format integer from the attribute registers</param>
+        /// <param name="format">The output single component vertex attribute format</param>
+        /// <param name="componentsCount">Number of components that the format has</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the format is valid, false otherwise</returns>
+        public static bool TryGetSingleComponentAttribFormat(uint encoded, out Format format, out int componentsCount)
+        {
+            bool result = _singleComponentAttribFormats.TryGetValue((VertexAttributeFormat)encoded, out var tuple);
+
+            format = tuple.Item1;
+            componentsCount = tuple.Item2;
+
+            return result;
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferManager.cs

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
-using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 {
@@ -15,9 +14,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
     /// </summary>
     class BufferManager
     {
-        private const int TfInfoVertexCountOffset = Constants.TotalTransformFeedbackBuffers * sizeof(int);
-        private const int TfInfoBufferSize = TfInfoVertexCountOffset + sizeof(int);
-
         private readonly GpuContext _context;
         private readonly GpuChannel _channel;
 
@@ -104,9 +100,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         private readonly BuffersPerStage[] _gpStorageBuffers;
         private readonly BuffersPerStage[] _gpUniformBuffers;
 
-        private BufferHandle _tfInfoBuffer;
-        private readonly int[] _tfInfoData;
-
         private bool _gpStorageBuffersDirty;
         private bool _gpUniformBuffersDirty;
 
@@ -146,11 +139,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             _bufferTextures = new List<BufferTextureBinding>();
 
             _ranges = new BufferAssignment[Constants.TotalGpUniformBuffers * Constants.ShaderStages];
-
-            if (!context.Capabilities.SupportsTransformFeedback)
-            {
-                _tfInfoData = new int[Constants.TotalTransformFeedbackBuffers];
-            }
         }
 
 
@@ -339,13 +327,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="vertexCount">Vertex count per instance</param>
         public void SetInstancedDrawVertexCount(int vertexCount)
         {
-            if (!_context.Capabilities.SupportsTransformFeedback &&
-                HasTransformFeedbackOutputs &&
-                _tfInfoBuffer != BufferHandle.Null)
+            if (!_context.Capabilities.SupportsTransformFeedback && HasTransformFeedbackOutputs)
             {
-                Span<byte> data = stackalloc byte[sizeof(int)];
-                MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, int>(data)[0] = vertexCount;
-                _context.Renderer.SetBufferData(_tfInfoBuffer, TfInfoVertexCountOffset, data);
+                _context.SupportBufferUpdater.SetTfeVertexCount(vertexCount);
+                _context.SupportBufferUpdater.Commit();
             }
         }
 
@@ -607,17 +592,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                 }
                 else if (HasTransformFeedbackOutputs)
                 {
-                    Span<int> info = _tfInfoData.AsSpan();
-                    Span<BufferAssignment> buffers = stackalloc BufferAssignment[Constants.TotalTransformFeedbackBuffers + 1];
-
-                    bool needsDataUpdate = false;
-
-                    if (_tfInfoBuffer == BufferHandle.Null)
-                    {
-                        _tfInfoBuffer = _context.Renderer.CreateBuffer(TfInfoBufferSize, BufferAccess.Stream);
-                    }
-
-                    buffers[0] = new BufferAssignment(0, new BufferRange(_tfInfoBuffer, 0, TfInfoBufferSize));
+                    Span<BufferAssignment> buffers = stackalloc BufferAssignment[Constants.TotalTransformFeedbackBuffers];
 
                     int alignment = _context.Capabilities.StorageBufferOffsetAlignment;
 
@@ -627,7 +602,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
                         if (tfb.Address == 0)
                         {
-                            buffers[1 + index] = new BufferAssignment(1 + index, BufferRange.Empty);
+                            buffers[index] = new BufferAssignment(index, BufferRange.Empty);
                         }
                         else
                         {
@@ -637,22 +612,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
                             int tfeOffset = ((int)tfb.Address & (alignment - 1)) / 4;
 
-                            if (info[index] != tfeOffset)
-                            {
-                                info[index] = tfeOffset;
-                                needsDataUpdate = true;
-                            }
+                            _context.SupportBufferUpdater.SetTfeOffset(index, tfeOffset);
 
-                            buffers[1 + index] = new BufferAssignment(1 + index, bufferCache.GetBufferRange(address, size, write: true));
+                            buffers[index] = new BufferAssignment(index, bufferCache.GetBufferRange(address, size, write: true));
                         }
                     }
 
-                    if (needsDataUpdate)
-                    {
-                        Span<byte> infoData = MemoryMarshal.Cast<int, byte>(info);
-                        _context.Renderer.SetBufferData(_tfInfoBuffer, 0, infoData);
-                    }
-
                     _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetStorageBuffers(buffers);
                 }
             }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferUpdater.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
+using System;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Buffer data updater.
+    /// </summary>
+    class BufferUpdater : IDisposable
+    {
+        private BufferHandle _handle;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Handle of the buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        public BufferHandle Handle => _handle;
+
+        private readonly IRenderer _renderer;
+        private int _startOffset = -1;
+        private int _endOffset = -1;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new instance of the buffer updater.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="renderer">Renderer that the buffer will be used with</param>
+        public BufferUpdater(IRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            _renderer = renderer;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Mark a region of the buffer as modified and needing to be sent to the GPU.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="startOffset">Start offset of the region in bytes</param>
+        /// <param name="byteSize">Size of the region in bytes</param>
+        protected void MarkDirty(int startOffset, int byteSize)
+        {
+            int endOffset = startOffset + byteSize;
+
+            if (_startOffset == -1)
+            {
+                _startOffset = startOffset;
+                _endOffset = endOffset;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (startOffset < _startOffset)
+                {
+                    _startOffset = startOffset;
+                }
+
+                if (endOffset > _endOffset)
+                {
+                    _endOffset = endOffset;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Submits all pending buffer updates to the GPU.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="data">All data that should be sent to the GPU. Only the modified regions will be updated</param>
+        /// <param name="binding">Optional binding to bind the buffer if a new buffer was created</param>
+        protected void Commit(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int binding = -1)
+        {
+            if (_startOffset != -1)
+            {
+                if (_handle == BufferHandle.Null)
+                {
+                    _handle = _renderer.CreateBuffer(data.Length, BufferAccess.Stream);
+                    _renderer.Pipeline.ClearBuffer(_handle, 0, data.Length, 0);
+
+                    if (binding >= 0)
+                    {
+                        var range = new BufferRange(_handle, 0, data.Length);
+                        _renderer.Pipeline.SetUniformBuffers(stackalloc[] { new BufferAssignment(0, range) });
+                    }
+                };
+
+                _renderer.SetBufferData(_handle, _startOffset, data[_startOffset.._endOffset]);
+
+                _startOffset = -1;
+                _endOffset = -1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a reference to a given element of a vector.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="vector">Vector to get the element reference from</param>
+        /// <param name="elementIndex">Element index</param>
+        /// <returns>Reference to the specified element</returns>
+        protected static ref T GetElementRef<T>(ref Vector4<T> vector, int elementIndex)
+        {
+            switch (elementIndex)
+            {
+                case 0:
+                    return ref vector.X;
+                case 1:
+                    return ref vector.Y;
+                case 2:
+                    return ref vector.Z;
+                case 3:
+                    return ref vector.W;
+                default:
+                    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(elementIndex));
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Destroys the buffer.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            if (_handle != BufferHandle.Null)
+            {
+                _renderer.DeleteBuffer(_handle);
+                _handle = BufferHandle.Null;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/SupportBufferUpdater.cs

@@ -9,56 +9,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
     /// <summary>
     /// Support buffer data updater.
     /// </summary>
-    class SupportBufferUpdater : IDisposable
+    class SupportBufferUpdater : BufferUpdater
     {
         private SupportBuffer _data;
-        private BufferHandle _handle;
-
-        private readonly IRenderer _renderer;
-        private int _startOffset = -1;
-        private int _endOffset = -1;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Creates a new instance of the support buffer updater.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="renderer">Renderer that the support buffer will be used with</param>
-        public SupportBufferUpdater(IRenderer renderer)
+        public SupportBufferUpdater(IRenderer renderer) : base(renderer)
         {
-            _renderer = renderer;
-
             var defaultScale = new Vector4<float> { X = 1f, Y = 0f, Z = 0f, W = 0f };
             _data.RenderScale.AsSpan().Fill(defaultScale);
             DirtyRenderScale(0, SupportBuffer.RenderScaleMaxCount);
         }
 
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Mark a region of the support buffer as modified and needing to be sent to the GPU.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="startOffset">Start offset of the region in bytes</param>
-        /// <param name="byteSize">Size of the region in bytes</param>
-        private void MarkDirty(int startOffset, int byteSize)
-        {
-            int endOffset = startOffset + byteSize;
-
-            if (_startOffset == -1)
-            {
-                _startOffset = startOffset;
-                _endOffset = endOffset;
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                if (startOffset < _startOffset)
-                {
-                    _startOffset = startOffset;
-                }
-
-                if (endOffset > _endOffset)
-                {
-                    _endOffset = endOffset;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
         /// <summary>
         /// Marks the fragment render scale count as being modified.
         /// </summary>
@@ -220,40 +185,40 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Submits all pending buffer updates to the GPU.
+        /// Sets offset for the misaligned portion of a transform feedback buffer, and the buffer size, for transform feedback emulation.
         /// </summary>
-        public void Commit()
+        /// <param name="bufferIndex">Index of the transform feedback buffer</param>
+        /// <param name="offset">Misaligned offset of the buffer</param>
+        public void SetTfeOffset(int bufferIndex, int offset)
         {
-            if (_startOffset != -1)
+            ref int currentOffset = ref GetElementRef(ref _data.TfeOffset, bufferIndex);
+
+            if (currentOffset != offset)
             {
-                if (_handle == BufferHandle.Null)
-                {
-                    _handle = _renderer.CreateBuffer(SupportBuffer.RequiredSize, BufferAccess.Stream);
-                    _renderer.Pipeline.ClearBuffer(_handle, 0, SupportBuffer.RequiredSize, 0);
-
-                    var range = new BufferRange(_handle, 0, SupportBuffer.RequiredSize);
-                    _renderer.Pipeline.SetUniformBuffers(stackalloc[] { new BufferAssignment(0, range) });
-                }
-
-                ReadOnlySpan<byte> data = MemoryMarshal.Cast<SupportBuffer, byte>(MemoryMarshal.CreateSpan(ref _data, 1));
-
-                _renderer.SetBufferData(_handle, _startOffset, data[_startOffset.._endOffset]);
-
-                _startOffset = -1;
-                _endOffset = -1;
+                currentOffset = offset;
+                MarkDirty(SupportBuffer.TfeOffsetOffset + bufferIndex * sizeof(int), sizeof(int));
             }
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Destroys the support buffer.
+        /// Sets the vertex count used for transform feedback emulation with instanced draws.
         /// </summary>
-        public void Dispose()
+        /// <param name="vertexCount">Vertex count of the instanced draw</param>
+        public void SetTfeVertexCount(int vertexCount)
         {
-            if (_handle != BufferHandle.Null)
+            if (_data.TfeVertexCount.X != vertexCount)
             {
-                _renderer.DeleteBuffer(_handle);
-                _handle = BufferHandle.Null;
+                _data.TfeVertexCount.X = vertexCount;
+                MarkDirty(SupportBuffer.TfeVertexCountOffset, sizeof(int));
             }
         }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Submits all pending buffer updates to the GPU.
+        /// </summary>
+        public void Commit()
+        {
+            Commit(MemoryMarshal.Cast<SupportBuffer, byte>(MemoryMarshal.CreateSpan(ref _data, 1)), SupportBuffer.Binding);
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/CachedShaderProgram.cs

@@ -14,6 +14,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// </summary>
         public IProgram HostProgram { get; }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Optional vertex shader converted to compute.
+        /// </summary>
+        public ShaderAsCompute VertexAsCompute { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Optional geometry shader converted to compute.
+        /// </summary>
+        public ShaderAsCompute GeometryAsCompute { get; }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// GPU state used to create this version of the shader.
         /// </summary>
@@ -45,12 +55,25 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             Bindings = new CachedShaderBindings(shaders.Length == 1, shaders);
         }
 
+        public CachedShaderProgram(
+            IProgram hostProgram,
+            ShaderAsCompute vertexAsCompute,
+            ShaderAsCompute geometryAsCompute,
+            ShaderSpecializationState specializationState,
+            CachedShaderStage[] shaders) : this(hostProgram, specializationState, shaders)
+        {
+            VertexAsCompute = vertexAsCompute;
+            GeometryAsCompute = geometryAsCompute;
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Dispose of the host shader resources.
         /// </summary>
         public void Dispose()
         {
             HostProgram.Dispose();
+            VertexAsCompute?.HostProgram.Dispose();
+            GeometryAsCompute?.HostProgram.Dispose();
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/DiskCacheGpuAccessor.cs

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
             ShaderSpecializationState oldSpecState,
             ShaderSpecializationState newSpecState,
             ResourceCounts counts,
-            int stageIndex) : base(context, counts, stageIndex, oldSpecState.TransformFeedbackDescriptors != null)
+            int stageIndex) : base(context, counts, stageIndex)
         {
             _data = data;
             _cb1Data = cb1Data;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/DiskCacheHostStorage.cs

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
         private const ushort FileFormatVersionMajor = 1;
         private const ushort FileFormatVersionMinor = 2;
         private const uint FileFormatVersionPacked = ((uint)FileFormatVersionMajor << 16) | FileFormatVersionMinor;
-        private const uint CodeGenVersion = 5609;
+        private const uint CodeGenVersion = 5551;
 
         private const string SharedTocFileName = "shared.toc";
         private const string SharedDataFileName = "shared.data";
@@ -140,6 +140,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
             /// </summary>
             public ShaderStage Stage;
 
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Number of vertices that each output primitive has on a geometry shader.
+            /// </summary>
+            public byte GeometryVerticesPerPrimitive;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Maximum number of vertices that a geometry shader may generate.
+            /// </summary>
+            public ushort GeometryMaxOutputVertices;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Number of invocations per primitive on tessellation or geometry shaders.
+            /// </summary>
+            public ushort ThreadsPerInputPrimitive;
+
             /// <summary>
             /// Indicates if the fragment shader accesses the fragment coordinate built-in variable.
             /// </summary>
@@ -783,9 +798,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
                 sBuffers,
                 textures,
                 images,
-                ShaderIdentification.None,
-                0,
                 dataInfo.Stage,
+                dataInfo.GeometryVerticesPerPrimitive,
+                dataInfo.GeometryMaxOutputVertices,
+                dataInfo.ThreadsPerInputPrimitive,
                 dataInfo.UsesFragCoord,
                 dataInfo.UsesInstanceId,
                 dataInfo.UsesDrawParameters,
@@ -813,6 +829,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
                 TexturesCount = (ushort)info.Textures.Count,
                 ImagesCount = (ushort)info.Images.Count,
                 Stage = info.Stage,
+                GeometryVerticesPerPrimitive = (byte)info.GeometryVerticesPerPrimitive,
+                GeometryMaxOutputVertices = (ushort)info.GeometryMaxOutputVertices,
+                ThreadsPerInputPrimitive = (ushort)info.ThreadsPerInputPrimitive,
                 UsesFragCoord = info.UsesFragCoord,
                 UsesInstanceId = info.UsesInstanceId,
                 UsesDrawParameters = info.UsesDrawParameters,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/ParallelDiskCacheLoader.cs

@@ -595,6 +595,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
 
             ResourceCounts counts = new();
 
+            DiskCacheGpuAccessor[] gpuAccessors = new DiskCacheGpuAccessor[Constants.ShaderStages];
             TranslatorContext[] translatorContexts = new TranslatorContext[Constants.ShaderStages + 1];
             TranslatorContext nextStage = null;
 
@@ -626,14 +627,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
                         translatorContexts[0] = DecodeGraphicsShader(gpuAccessorA, api, DefaultFlags | TranslationFlags.VertexA, 0);
                     }
 
+                    gpuAccessors[stageIndex] = gpuAccessor;
                     translatorContexts[stageIndex + 1] = currentStage;
                     nextStage = currentStage;
                 }
             }
 
-            if (!_context.Capabilities.SupportsGeometryShader)
+            bool hasGeometryShader = translatorContexts[4] != null;
+            bool vertexHasStore = translatorContexts[1] != null && translatorContexts[1].HasStore;
+            bool geometryHasStore = hasGeometryShader && translatorContexts[4].HasStore;
+            bool vertexToCompute = ShouldConvertVertexToCompute(_context, vertexHasStore, geometryHasStore, hasGeometryShader);
+
+            // We don't support caching shader stages that have been converted to compute currently,
+            // so just eliminate them if they exist in the cache.
+            if (vertexToCompute)
             {
-                ShaderCache.TryRemoveGeometryStage(translatorContexts);
+                return;
             }
 
             CachedShaderStage[] shaders = new CachedShaderStage[guestShaders.Length];
@@ -647,6 +656,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
 
                 if (currentStage != null)
                 {
+                    gpuAccessors[stageIndex].InitializeReservedCounts(specState.TransformFeedbackDescriptors != null, vertexToCompute);
+
                     ShaderProgram program;
 
                     byte[] guestCode = guestShaders[stageIndex + 1].Value.Code;
@@ -701,6 +712,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
             ResourceCounts counts = new();
             ShaderSpecializationState newSpecState = new(ref specState.ComputeState);
             DiskCacheGpuAccessor gpuAccessor = new(_context, shader.Code, shader.Cb1Data, specState, newSpecState, counts, 0);
+            gpuAccessor.InitializeReservedCounts(tfEnabled: false, vertexAsCompute: false);
 
             TranslatorContext translatorContext = DecodeComputeShader(gpuAccessor, _context.Capabilities.Api, 0);
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/GpuAccessor.cs

@@ -25,11 +25,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// <param name="channel">GPU channel</param>
         /// <param name="state">Current GPU state</param>
         /// <param name="stageIndex">Graphics shader stage index (0 = Vertex, 4 = Fragment)</param>
-        public GpuAccessor(
-            GpuContext context,
-            GpuChannel channel,
-            GpuAccessorState state,
-            int stageIndex) : base(context, state.ResourceCounts, stageIndex, state.TransformFeedbackDescriptors != null)
+        public GpuAccessor(GpuContext context, GpuChannel channel, GpuAccessorState state, int stageIndex) : base(context, state.ResourceCounts, stageIndex)
         {
             _isVulkan = context.Capabilities.Api == TargetApi.Vulkan;
             _channel = channel;
@@ -49,7 +45,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// <param name="context">GPU context</param>
         /// <param name="channel">GPU channel</param>
         /// <param name="state">Current GPU state</param>
-        public GpuAccessor(GpuContext context, GpuChannel channel, GpuAccessorState state) : base(context, state.ResourceCounts, 0, false)
+        public GpuAccessor(GpuContext context, GpuChannel channel, GpuAccessorState state) : base(context, state.ResourceCounts, 0)
         {
             _channel = channel;
             _state = state;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/GpuAccessorBase.cs

@@ -15,8 +15,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         private readonly ResourceCounts _resourceCounts;
         private readonly int _stageIndex;
 
-        private readonly int _reservedConstantBuffers;
-        private readonly int _reservedStorageBuffers;
+        private int _reservedConstantBuffers;
+        private int _reservedStorageBuffers;
+        private int _reservedTextures;
+        private int _reservedImages;
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Creates a new GPU accessor.
@@ -24,15 +26,26 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// <param name="context">GPU context</param>
         /// <param name="resourceCounts">Counter of GPU resources used by the shader</param>
         /// <param name="stageIndex">Index of the shader stage, 0 for compute</param>
-        /// <param name="tfEnabled">Indicates if the current graphics shader is used with transform feedback enabled</param>
-        public GpuAccessorBase(GpuContext context, ResourceCounts resourceCounts, int stageIndex, bool tfEnabled)
+        public GpuAccessorBase(GpuContext context, ResourceCounts resourceCounts, int stageIndex)
         {
             _context = context;
             _resourceCounts = resourceCounts;
             _stageIndex = stageIndex;
+        }
 
-            _reservedConstantBuffers = 1; // For the support buffer.
-            _reservedStorageBuffers = !context.Capabilities.SupportsTransformFeedback && tfEnabled ? 5 : 0;
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Initializes counts for bindings that will be reserved for emulator use.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="tfEnabled">Indicates if the current graphics shader is used with transform feedback enabled</param>
+        /// <param name="vertexAsCompute">Indicates that the vertex shader will be emulated on a compute shader</param>
+        public void InitializeReservedCounts(bool tfEnabled, bool vertexAsCompute)
+        {
+            ResourceReservationCounts rrc = new(!_context.Capabilities.SupportsTransformFeedback && tfEnabled, vertexAsCompute);
+
+            _reservedConstantBuffers = rrc.ReservedConstantBuffers;
+            _reservedStorageBuffers = rrc.ReservedStorageBuffers;
+            _reservedTextures = rrc.ReservedTextures;
+            _reservedImages = rrc.ReservedImages;
         }
 
         public int QueryBindingConstantBuffer(int index)
@@ -69,6 +82,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
 
         public int QueryBindingTexture(int index, bool isBuffer)
         {
+            int binding;
+
             if (_context.Capabilities.Api == TargetApi.Vulkan)
             {
                 if (isBuffer)
@@ -76,16 +91,20 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                     index += (int)_context.Capabilities.MaximumTexturesPerStage;
                 }
 
-                return GetBindingFromIndex(index, _context.Capabilities.MaximumTexturesPerStage * 2, "Texture");
+                binding = GetBindingFromIndex(index, _context.Capabilities.MaximumTexturesPerStage * 2, "Texture");
             }
             else
             {
-                return _resourceCounts.TexturesCount++;
+                binding = _resourceCounts.TexturesCount++;
             }
+
+            return binding + _reservedTextures;
         }
 
         public int QueryBindingImage(int index, bool isBuffer)
         {
+            int binding;
+
             if (_context.Capabilities.Api == TargetApi.Vulkan)
             {
                 if (isBuffer)
@@ -93,12 +112,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                     index += (int)_context.Capabilities.MaximumImagesPerStage;
                 }
 
-                return GetBindingFromIndex(index, _context.Capabilities.MaximumImagesPerStage * 2, "Image");
+                binding = GetBindingFromIndex(index, _context.Capabilities.MaximumImagesPerStage * 2, "Image");
             }
             else
             {
-                return _resourceCounts.ImagesCount++;
+                binding = _resourceCounts.ImagesCount++;
             }
+
+            return binding + _reservedImages;
         }
 
         private int GetBindingFromIndex(int index, uint maxPerStage, string resourceName)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/ShaderAsCompute.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
+{
+    class ShaderAsCompute
+    {
+        public IProgram HostProgram { get; }
+        public ShaderProgramInfo Info { get; }
+        public ResourceReservations Reservations { get; }
+
+        public ShaderAsCompute(IProgram hostProgram, ShaderProgramInfo info, ResourceReservations reservations)
+        {
+            HostProgram = hostProgram;
+            Info = info;
+            Reservations = reservations;
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/ShaderCache.cs

@@ -215,9 +215,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             ShaderSpecializationState specState = new(ref computeState);
             GpuAccessorState gpuAccessorState = new(poolState, computeState, default, specState);
             GpuAccessor gpuAccessor = new(_context, channel, gpuAccessorState);
+            gpuAccessor.InitializeReservedCounts(tfEnabled: false, vertexAsCompute: false);
 
             TranslatorContext translatorContext = DecodeComputeShader(gpuAccessor, _context.Capabilities.Api, gpuVa);
-            TranslatedShader translatedShader = TranslateShader(_dumper, channel, translatorContext, cachedGuestCode);
+            TranslatedShader translatedShader = TranslateShader(_dumper, channel, translatorContext, cachedGuestCode, asCompute: false);
 
             ShaderSource[] shaderSourcesArray = new ShaderSource[] { CreateShaderSource(translatedShader.Program) };
             ShaderInfo info = ShaderInfoBuilder.BuildForCompute(_context, translatedShader.Program.Info);
@@ -321,6 +322,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
 
             ReadOnlySpan<ulong> addressesSpan = addresses.AsSpan();
 
+            GpuAccessor[] gpuAccessors = new GpuAccessor[Constants.ShaderStages];
             TranslatorContext[] translatorContexts = new TranslatorContext[Constants.ShaderStages + 1];
             TranslatorContext nextStage = null;
 
@@ -345,22 +347,31 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                         translatorContexts[0] = DecodeGraphicsShader(gpuAccessor, api, DefaultFlags | TranslationFlags.VertexA, addresses.VertexA);
                     }
 
+                    gpuAccessors[stageIndex] = gpuAccessor;
                     translatorContexts[stageIndex + 1] = currentStage;
                     nextStage = currentStage;
                 }
             }
 
-            if (!_context.Capabilities.SupportsGeometryShader)
-            {
-                TryRemoveGeometryStage(translatorContexts);
-            }
+            bool hasGeometryShader = translatorContexts[4] != null;
+            bool vertexHasStore = translatorContexts[1] != null && translatorContexts[1].HasStore;
+            bool geometryHasStore = hasGeometryShader && translatorContexts[4].HasStore;
+            bool vertexToCompute = ShouldConvertVertexToCompute(_context, vertexHasStore, geometryHasStore, hasGeometryShader);
+            bool geometryToCompute = ShouldConvertGeometryToCompute(_context, geometryHasStore);
 
             CachedShaderStage[] shaders = new CachedShaderStage[Constants.ShaderStages + 1];
             List<ShaderSource> shaderSources = new();
 
             TranslatorContext previousStage = null;
+            ShaderInfoBuilder infoBuilder = new(_context, transformFeedbackDescriptors != null, vertexToCompute);
 
-            ShaderInfoBuilder infoBuilder = new(_context, transformFeedbackDescriptors != null);
+            if (geometryToCompute && translatorContexts[4] != null)
+            {
+                translatorContexts[4].SetVertexOutputMapForGeometryAsCompute(translatorContexts[1]);
+            }
+
+            ShaderAsCompute vertexAsCompute = null;
+            ShaderAsCompute geometryAsCompute = null;
 
             for (int stageIndex = 0; stageIndex < Constants.ShaderStages; stageIndex++)
             {
@@ -368,8 +379,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
 
                 if (currentStage != null)
                 {
+                    gpuAccessors[stageIndex].InitializeReservedCounts(transformFeedbackDescriptors != null, vertexToCompute);
+
                     ShaderProgram program;
 
+                    bool asCompute = (stageIndex == 0 && vertexToCompute) || (stageIndex == 3 && geometryToCompute);
+
                     if (stageIndex == 0 && translatorContexts[0] != null)
                     {
                         TranslatedShaderVertexPair translatedShader = TranslateShader(
@@ -378,7 +393,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                             currentStage,
                             translatorContexts[0],
                             cachedGuestCode.VertexACode,
-                            cachedGuestCode.VertexBCode);
+                            cachedGuestCode.VertexBCode,
+                            asCompute);
 
                         shaders[0] = translatedShader.VertexA;
                         shaders[1] = translatedShader.VertexB;
@@ -388,12 +404,31 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                     {
                         byte[] code = cachedGuestCode.GetByIndex(stageIndex);
 
-                        TranslatedShader translatedShader = TranslateShader(_dumper, channel, currentStage, code);
+                        TranslatedShader translatedShader = TranslateShader(_dumper, channel, currentStage, code, asCompute);
 
                         shaders[stageIndex + 1] = translatedShader.Shader;
                         program = translatedShader.Program;
                     }
 
+                    if (asCompute)
+                    {
+                        bool tfEnabled = transformFeedbackDescriptors != null;
+
+                        if (stageIndex == 0)
+                        {
+                            vertexAsCompute = CreateHostVertexAsComputeProgram(program, currentStage, tfEnabled);
+
+                            TranslatorContext lastInVertexPipeline = geometryToCompute ? translatorContexts[4] ?? currentStage : currentStage;
+
+                            program = lastInVertexPipeline.GenerateVertexPassthroughForCompute();
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            geometryAsCompute = CreateHostVertexAsComputeProgram(program, currentStage, tfEnabled);
+                            program = null;
+                        }
+                    }
+
                     if (program != null)
                     {
                         shaderSources.Add(CreateShaderSource(program));
@@ -418,46 +453,81 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
 
             IProgram hostProgram = _context.Renderer.CreateProgram(shaderSourcesArray, info);
 
-            gpShaders = new CachedShaderProgram(hostProgram, specState, shaders);
+            gpShaders = new(hostProgram, vertexAsCompute, geometryAsCompute, specState, shaders);
 
             _graphicsShaderCache.Add(gpShaders);
-            EnqueueProgramToSave(gpShaders, hostProgram, shaderSourcesArray);
+
+            // We don't currently support caching shaders that have been converted to compute.
+            if (vertexAsCompute == null)
+            {
+                EnqueueProgramToSave(gpShaders, hostProgram, shaderSourcesArray);
+            }
+
             _gpPrograms[addresses] = gpShaders;
 
             return gpShaders;
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Tries to eliminate the geometry stage from the array of translator contexts.
+        /// Checks if a vertex shader should be converted to a compute shader due to it making use of
+        /// features that are not supported on the host.
         /// </summary>
-        /// <param name="translatorContexts">Array of translator contexts</param>
-        public static void TryRemoveGeometryStage(TranslatorContext[] translatorContexts)
+        /// <param name="context">GPU context of the shader</param>
+        /// <param name="vertexHasStore">Whether the vertex shader has image or storage buffer store operations</param>
+        /// <param name="geometryHasStore">Whether the geometry shader has image or storage buffer store operations, if one exists</param>
+        /// <param name="hasGeometryShader">Whether a geometry shader exists</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the vertex shader should be converted to compute, false otherwise</returns>
+        public static bool ShouldConvertVertexToCompute(GpuContext context, bool vertexHasStore, bool geometryHasStore, bool hasGeometryShader)
         {
-            if (translatorContexts[4] != null)
+            // If the host does not support store operations on vertex,
+            // we need to emulate it on a compute shader.
+            if (!context.Capabilities.SupportsVertexStoreAndAtomics && vertexHasStore)
             {
-                // We have a geometry shader, but geometry shaders are not supported.
-                // Try to eliminate the geometry shader.
-
-                ShaderProgramInfo info = translatorContexts[4].Translate().Info;
-
-                if (info.Identification == ShaderIdentification.GeometryLayerPassthrough)
-                {
-                    // We managed to identify that this geometry shader is only used to set the output Layer value,
-                    // we can set the Layer on the previous stage instead (usually the vertex stage) and eliminate it.
-
-                    for (int i = 3; i >= 1; i--)
-                    {
-                        if (translatorContexts[i] != null)
-                        {
-                            translatorContexts[i].SetGeometryShaderLayerInputAttribute(info.GpLayerInputAttribute);
-                            translatorContexts[i].SetLastInVertexPipeline();
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    translatorContexts[4] = null;
-                }
+                return true;
             }
+
+            // If any stage after the vertex stage is converted to compute,
+            // we need to convert vertex to compute too.
+            return hasGeometryShader && ShouldConvertGeometryToCompute(context, geometryHasStore);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if a geometry shader should be converted to a compute shader due to it making use of
+        /// features that are not supported on the host.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="context">GPU context of the shader</param>
+        /// <param name="geometryHasStore">Whether the geometry shader has image or storage buffer store operations, if one exists</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the geometry shader should be converted to compute, false otherwise</returns>
+        public static bool ShouldConvertGeometryToCompute(GpuContext context, bool geometryHasStore)
+        {
+            return (!context.Capabilities.SupportsVertexStoreAndAtomics && geometryHasStore) ||
+                   !context.Capabilities.SupportsGeometryShader;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if it might be necessary for any vertex, tessellation or geometry shader to be converted to compute,
+        /// based on the supported host features.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="capabilities">Host capabilities</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the possibility of a shader being converted to compute exists, false otherwise</returns>
+        public static bool MayConvertVtgToCompute(ref Capabilities capabilities)
+        {
+            return !capabilities.SupportsVertexStoreAndAtomics || !capabilities.SupportsGeometryShader;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a compute shader from a vertex, tessellation or geometry shader that has been converted to compute.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="program">Shader program</param>
+        /// <param name="context">Translation context of the shader</param>
+        /// <param name="tfEnabled">Whether transform feedback is enabled</param>
+        /// <returns>Compute shader</returns>
+        private ShaderAsCompute CreateHostVertexAsComputeProgram(ShaderProgram program, TranslatorContext context, bool tfEnabled)
+        {
+            ShaderSource source = new(program.Code, program.BinaryCode, ShaderStage.Compute, program.Language);
+            ShaderInfo info = ShaderInfoBuilder.BuildForVertexAsCompute(_context, program.Info, tfEnabled);
+
+            return new(_context.Renderer.CreateProgram(new[] { source }, info), program.Info, context.GetResourceReservations());
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -573,9 +643,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                 }
             }
 
+            bool vertexAsCompute = gpShaders.VertexAsCompute != null;
             bool usesDrawParameters = gpShaders.Shaders[1]?.Info.UsesDrawParameters ?? false;
 
-            return gpShaders.SpecializationState.MatchesGraphics(channel, ref poolState, ref graphicsState, usesDrawParameters, true);
+            return gpShaders.SpecializationState.MatchesGraphics(
+                channel,
+                ref poolState,
+                ref graphicsState,
+                vertexAsCompute,
+                usesDrawParameters,
+                checkTextures: true);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -636,6 +713,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// <param name="vertexA">Optional translator context of the shader that should be combined</param>
         /// <param name="codeA">Optional Maxwell binary code of the Vertex A shader, if present</param>
         /// <param name="codeB">Optional Maxwell binary code of the Vertex B or current stage shader, if present on cache</param>
+        /// <param name="asCompute">Indicates that the vertex shader should be converted to a compute shader</param>
         /// <returns>Compiled graphics shader code</returns>
         private static TranslatedShaderVertexPair TranslateShader(
             ShaderDumper dumper,
@@ -643,7 +721,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             TranslatorContext currentStage,
             TranslatorContext vertexA,
             byte[] codeA,
-            byte[] codeB)
+            byte[] codeB,
+            bool asCompute)
         {
             ulong cb1DataAddress = channel.BufferManager.GetGraphicsUniformBufferAddress(0, 1);
 
@@ -663,7 +742,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                 pathsB = dumper.Dump(codeB, compute: false);
             }
 
-            ShaderProgram program = currentStage.Translate(vertexA);
+            ShaderProgram program = currentStage.Translate(vertexA, asCompute);
 
             pathsB.Prepend(program);
             pathsA.Prepend(program);
@@ -681,8 +760,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// <param name="channel">GPU channel using the shader</param>
         /// <param name="context">Translator context of the stage to be translated</param>
         /// <param name="code">Optional Maxwell binary code of the current stage shader, if present on cache</param>
+        /// <param name="asCompute">Indicates that the vertex shader should be converted to a compute shader</param>
         /// <returns>Compiled graphics shader code</returns>
-        private static TranslatedShader TranslateShader(ShaderDumper dumper, GpuChannel channel, TranslatorContext context, byte[] code)
+        private static TranslatedShader TranslateShader(ShaderDumper dumper, GpuChannel channel, TranslatorContext context, byte[] code, bool asCompute)
         {
             var memoryManager = channel.MemoryManager;
 
@@ -694,7 +774,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             code ??= memoryManager.GetSpan(context.Address, context.Size).ToArray();
 
             ShaderDumpPaths paths = dumper?.Dump(code, context.Stage == ShaderStage.Compute) ?? default;
-            ShaderProgram program = context.Translate();
+            ShaderProgram program = context.Translate(asCompute);
 
             paths.Prepend(program);
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/ShaderInfoBuilder.cs

@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
 
         private readonly int _reservedConstantBuffers;
         private readonly int _reservedStorageBuffers;
+        private readonly int _reservedTextures;
+        private readonly int _reservedImages;
 
         private readonly List<ResourceDescriptor>[] _resourceDescriptors;
         private readonly List<ResourceUsage>[] _resourceUsages;
@@ -42,7 +44,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="context">GPU context that owns the shaders that will be added to the builder</param>
         /// <param name="tfEnabled">Indicates if the graphics shader is used with transform feedback enabled</param>
-        public ShaderInfoBuilder(GpuContext context, bool tfEnabled)
+        /// <param name="vertexAsCompute">Indicates that the vertex shader will be emulated on a compute shader</param>
+        public ShaderInfoBuilder(GpuContext context, bool tfEnabled, bool vertexAsCompute = false)
         {
             _context = context;
 
@@ -60,27 +63,34 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             AddDescriptor(SupportBufferStages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, UniformSetIndex, 0, 1);
             AddUsage(SupportBufferStages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, ResourceAccess.Read, UniformSetIndex, 0, 1);
 
-            _reservedConstantBuffers = 1; // For the support buffer.
+            ResourceReservationCounts rrc = new(!context.Capabilities.SupportsTransformFeedback && tfEnabled, vertexAsCompute);
 
-            if (!context.Capabilities.SupportsTransformFeedback && tfEnabled)
-            {
-                _reservedStorageBuffers = 5;
+            _reservedConstantBuffers = rrc.ReservedConstantBuffers;
+            _reservedStorageBuffers = rrc.ReservedStorageBuffers;
+            _reservedTextures = rrc.ReservedTextures;
+            _reservedImages = rrc.ReservedImages;
 
-                AddDescriptor(VtgStages, ResourceType.StorageBuffer, StorageSetIndex, 0, 5);
-                AddUsage(VtgStages, ResourceType.StorageBuffer, ResourceAccess.Read, StorageSetIndex, 0, 1);
-                AddUsage(VtgStages, ResourceType.StorageBuffer, ResourceAccess.Write, StorageSetIndex, 1, 4);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                _reservedStorageBuffers = 0;
-            }
+            // TODO: Handle that better? Maybe we should only set the binding that are really needed on each shader.
+            ResourceStages stages = vertexAsCompute ? ResourceStages.Compute | ResourceStages.Vertex : VtgStages;
+
+            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, ResourceAccess.Read, UniformSetIndex, 1, rrc.ReservedConstantBuffers - 1);
+            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.StorageBuffer, ResourceAccess.ReadWrite, StorageSetIndex, 0, rrc.ReservedStorageBuffers);
+            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.BufferTexture, ResourceAccess.Read, TextureSetIndex, 0, rrc.ReservedTextures);
+            PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(stages, ResourceType.BufferImage, ResourceAccess.ReadWrite, ImageSetIndex, 0, rrc.ReservedImages);
+        }
+
+        private void PopulateDescriptorAndUsages(ResourceStages stages, ResourceType type, ResourceAccess access, int setIndex, int start, int count)
+        {
+            AddDescriptor(stages, type, setIndex, start, count);
+            AddUsage(stages, type, access, setIndex, start, count);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Adds information from a given shader stage.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="info">Shader stage information</param>
-        public void AddStageInfo(ShaderProgramInfo info)
+        /// <param name="vertexAsCompute">True if the shader stage has been converted into a compute shader</param>
+        public void AddStageInfo(ShaderProgramInfo info, bool vertexAsCompute = false)
         {
             if (info.Stage == ShaderStage.Fragment)
             {
@@ -96,7 +106,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                 _ => 0,
             });
 
-            ResourceStages stages = info.Stage switch
+            ResourceStages stages = vertexAsCompute ? ResourceStages.Compute : info.Stage switch
             {
                 ShaderStage.Compute => ResourceStages.Compute,
                 ShaderStage.Vertex => ResourceStages.Vertex,
@@ -114,8 +124,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
 
             int uniformBinding = _reservedConstantBuffers + stageIndex * uniformsPerStage;
             int storageBinding = _reservedStorageBuffers + stageIndex * storagesPerStage;
-            int textureBinding = stageIndex * texturesPerStage * 2;
-            int imageBinding = stageIndex * imagesPerStage * 2;
+            int textureBinding = _reservedTextures + stageIndex * texturesPerStage * 2;
+            int imageBinding = _reservedImages + stageIndex * imagesPerStage * 2;
 
             AddDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, UniformSetIndex, uniformBinding, uniformsPerStage);
             AddDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.StorageBuffer, StorageSetIndex, storageBinding, storagesPerStage);
@@ -285,11 +295,28 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// <returns>Shader information</returns>
         public static ShaderInfo BuildForCompute(GpuContext context, ShaderProgramInfo info, bool fromCache = false)
         {
-            ShaderInfoBuilder builder = new(context, tfEnabled: false);
+            ShaderInfoBuilder builder = new(context, tfEnabled: false, vertexAsCompute: false);
 
             builder.AddStageInfo(info);
 
             return builder.Build(null, fromCache);
         }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Builds shader information for a vertex or geometry shader thas was converted to compute shader.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="context">GPU context that owns the shader</param>
+        /// <param name="info">Compute shader information</param>
+        /// <param name="tfEnabled">Indicates if the graphics shader is used with transform feedback enabled</param>
+        /// <param name="fromCache">True if the compute shader comes from a disk cache, false otherwise</param>
+        /// <returns>Shader information</returns>
+        public static ShaderInfo BuildForVertexAsCompute(GpuContext context, ShaderProgramInfo info, bool tfEnabled, bool fromCache = false)
+        {
+            ShaderInfoBuilder builder = new(context, tfEnabled, vertexAsCompute: true);
+
+            builder.AddStageInfo(info, vertexAsCompute: true);
+
+            return builder.Build(null, fromCache);
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/ShaderSpecializationList.cs

@@ -35,9 +35,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         {
             foreach (var entry in _entries)
             {
+                bool vertexAsCompute = entry.VertexAsCompute != null;
                 bool usesDrawParameters = entry.Shaders[1]?.Info.UsesDrawParameters ?? false;
 
-                if (entry.SpecializationState.MatchesGraphics(channel, ref poolState, ref graphicsState, usesDrawParameters, true))
+                if (entry.SpecializationState.MatchesGraphics(
+                    channel,
+                    ref poolState,
+                    ref graphicsState,
+                    vertexAsCompute,
+                    usesDrawParameters,
+                    checkTextures: true))
                 {
                     program = entry;
                     return true;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/ShaderSpecializationState.cs

@@ -457,6 +457,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         /// <param name="channel">GPU channel</param>
         /// <param name="poolState">Texture pool state</param>
         /// <param name="graphicsState">Graphics state</param>
+        /// <param name="vertexAsCompute">Indicates that the vertex shader has been converted into a compute shader</param>
         /// <param name="usesDrawParameters">Indicates whether the vertex shader accesses draw parameters</param>
         /// <param name="checkTextures">Indicates whether texture descriptors should be checked</param>
         /// <returns>True if the state matches, false otherwise</returns>
@@ -464,6 +465,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             GpuChannel channel,
             ref GpuChannelPoolState poolState,
             ref GpuChannelGraphicsState graphicsState,
+            bool vertexAsCompute,
             bool usesDrawParameters,
             bool checkTextures)
         {
@@ -497,9 +499,25 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                 return false;
             }
 
-            if (!graphicsState.AttributeTypes.AsSpan().SequenceEqual(GraphicsState.AttributeTypes.AsSpan()))
+            if (ShaderCache.MayConvertVtgToCompute(ref channel.Capabilities) && !vertexAsCompute)
             {
-                return false;
+                for (int index = 0; index < graphicsState.AttributeTypes.Length; index++)
+                {
+                    AttributeType lType = FilterAttributeType(channel, graphicsState.AttributeTypes[index]);
+                    AttributeType rType = FilterAttributeType(channel, GraphicsState.AttributeTypes[index]);
+
+                    if (lType != rType)
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (!graphicsState.AttributeTypes.AsSpan().SequenceEqual(GraphicsState.AttributeTypes.AsSpan()))
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
             }
 
             if (usesDrawParameters && graphicsState.HasConstantBufferDrawParameters != GraphicsState.HasConstantBufferDrawParameters)
@@ -530,6 +548,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             return Matches(channel, ref poolState, checkTextures, isCompute: false);
         }
 
+        private static AttributeType FilterAttributeType(GpuChannel channel, AttributeType type)
+        {
+            type &= ~(AttributeType.Packed | AttributeType.PackedRgb10A2Signed);
+
+            if (channel.Capabilities.SupportsScaledVertexFormats &&
+                (type == AttributeType.Sscaled || type == AttributeType.Uscaled))
+            {
+                type = AttributeType.Float;
+            }
+
+            return type;
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Checks if the recorded state matches the current GPU compute engine state.
         /// </summary>