Add support for large sampler arrays on Vulkan (#6489)

* Add support for large sampler arrays on Vulkan

* Shader cache version bump

* Format whitespace

* Move DescriptorSetManager to PipelineLayoutCacheEntry to allow different pool sizes per layout

* Handle array textures with different types on the same buffer

* Somewhat better caching system

* Avoid useless buffer data modification checks

* Move redundant bindings update checking to the backend

* Fix an issue where texture arrays would get the same bindings across stages on Vulkan

* Backport some fixes from part 2

* Fix typo

* PR feedback

* Format whitespace

* Add some missing XML docs

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Constants.cs

@@ -89,5 +89,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu
         /// Maximum size that an storage buffer is assumed to have when the correct size is unknown.
         /// </summary>
         public const ulong MaxUnknownStorageSize = 0x100000;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Size of a bindless texture handle as exposed by guest graphics APIs.
+        /// </summary>
+        public const int TextureHandleSizeInBytes = sizeof(ulong);
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/ShaderTexture.cs

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine
         /// <returns>Texture target value</returns>
         public static Target GetTarget(SamplerType type)
         {
-            type &= ~(SamplerType.Indexed | SamplerType.Shadow);
+            type &= ~SamplerType.Shadow;
 
             switch (type)
             {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/AutoDeleteCache.cs

@@ -107,8 +107,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 if (texture.CacheNode != _textures.Last)
                 {
                     _textures.Remove(texture.CacheNode);
-
-                    texture.CacheNode = _textures.AddLast(texture);
+                    _textures.AddLast(texture.CacheNode);
                 }
 
                 if (_totalSize > MaxTextureSizeCapacity && _textures.Count >= MinCountForDeletion)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/Pool.cs

@@ -111,6 +111,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <returns>The GPU resource with the given ID</returns>
         public abstract T1 Get(int id);
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the cached item with the given ID, or null if there is no cached item for the specified ID.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="id">ID of the item. This is effectively a zero-based index</param>
+        /// <returns>The cached item with the given ID</returns>
+        public T1 GetCachedItem(int id)
+        {
+            if (!IsValidId(id))
+            {
+                return default;
+            }
+
+            return Items[id];
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Checks if a given ID is valid and inside the range of the pool.
         /// </summary>
@@ -197,6 +212,23 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             return false;
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if the pool was modified by comparing the current <seealso cref="ModifiedSequenceNumber"/> with a cached one.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="sequenceNumber">Cached modified sequence number</param>
+        /// <returns>True if the pool was modified, false otherwise</returns>
+        public bool WasModified(ref int sequenceNumber)
+        {
+            if (sequenceNumber != ModifiedSequenceNumber)
+            {
+                sequenceNumber = ModifiedSequenceNumber;
+
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
         protected abstract void InvalidateRangeImpl(ulong address, ulong size);
 
         protected abstract void Delete(T1 item);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureBindingInfo.cs

@@ -24,6 +24,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// </summary>
         public int Binding { get; }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// For array of textures, this indicates the length of the array. A value of one indicates it is not an array.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int ArrayLength { get; }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Constant buffer slot with the texture handle.
         /// </summary>
@@ -45,14 +50,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="target">The shader sampler target type</param>
         /// <param name="format">Format of the image as declared on the shader</param>
         /// <param name="binding">The shader texture binding point</param>
+        /// <param name="arrayLength">For array of textures, this indicates the length of the array. A value of one indicates it is not an array</param>
         /// <param name="cbufSlot">Constant buffer slot where the texture handle is located</param>
         /// <param name="handle">The shader texture handle (read index into the texture constant buffer)</param>
         /// <param name="flags">The texture's usage flags, indicating how it is used in the shader</param>
-        public TextureBindingInfo(Target target, Format format, int binding, int cbufSlot, int handle, TextureUsageFlags flags)
+        public TextureBindingInfo(Target target, Format format, int binding, int arrayLength, int cbufSlot, int handle, TextureUsageFlags flags)
         {
             Target = target;
             Format = format;
             Binding = binding;
+            ArrayLength = arrayLength;
             CbufSlot = cbufSlot;
             Handle = handle;
             Flags = flags;
@@ -63,10 +70,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="target">The shader sampler target type</param>
         /// <param name="binding">The shader texture binding point</param>
+        /// <param name="arrayLength">For array of textures, this indicates the length of the array. A value of one indicates it is not an array</param>
         /// <param name="cbufSlot">Constant buffer slot where the texture handle is located</param>
         /// <param name="handle">The shader texture handle (read index into the texture constant buffer)</param>
         /// <param name="flags">The texture's usage flags, indicating how it is used in the shader</param>
-        public TextureBindingInfo(Target target, int binding, int cbufSlot, int handle, TextureUsageFlags flags) : this(target, (Format)0, binding, cbufSlot, handle, flags)
+        public TextureBindingInfo(Target target, int binding, int arrayLength, int cbufSlot, int handle, TextureUsageFlags flags) : this(target, (Format)0, binding, arrayLength, cbufSlot, handle, flags)
         {
         }
     }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureBindingsArrayCache.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,714 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Types;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Texture bindings array cache.
+    /// </summary>
+    class TextureBindingsArrayCache
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Minimum timestamp delta until texture array can be removed from the cache.
+        /// </summary>
+        private const int MinDeltaForRemoval = 20000;
+
+        private readonly GpuContext _context;
+        private readonly GpuChannel _channel;
+        private readonly bool _isCompute;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Array cache entry key.
+        /// </summary>
+        private readonly struct CacheEntryKey : IEquatable<CacheEntryKey>
+        {
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Whether the entry is for an image.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly bool IsImage;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Texture or image target type.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly Target Target;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Word offset of the first handle on the constant buffer.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly int HandleIndex;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Number of entries of the array.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly int ArrayLength;
+
+            private readonly TexturePool _texturePool;
+            private readonly SamplerPool _samplerPool;
+
+            private readonly BufferBounds _textureBufferBounds;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Creates a new array cache entry.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="isImage">Whether the entry is for an image</param>
+            /// <param name="bindingInfo">Binding information for the array</param>
+            /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool where the array textures are located</param>
+            /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool where the array samplers are located</param>
+            /// <param name="textureBufferBounds">Constant buffer bounds with the texture handles</param>
+            public CacheEntryKey(
+                bool isImage,
+                TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
+                TexturePool texturePool,
+                SamplerPool samplerPool,
+                ref BufferBounds textureBufferBounds)
+            {
+                IsImage = isImage;
+                Target = bindingInfo.Target;
+                HandleIndex = bindingInfo.Handle;
+                ArrayLength = bindingInfo.ArrayLength;
+
+                _texturePool = texturePool;
+                _samplerPool = samplerPool;
+
+                _textureBufferBounds = textureBufferBounds;
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Checks if the texture and sampler pools matches the cached pools.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool instance</param>
+            /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool instance</param>
+            /// <returns>True if the pools match, false otherwise</returns>
+            private bool MatchesPools(TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool)
+            {
+                return _texturePool == texturePool && _samplerPool == samplerPool;
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Checks if the cached constant buffer address and size matches.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="textureBufferBounds">New buffer address and size</param>
+            /// <returns>True if the address and size matches, false otherwise</returns>
+            private bool MatchesBufferBounds(BufferBounds textureBufferBounds)
+            {
+                return _textureBufferBounds.Equals(textureBufferBounds);
+            }
+
+            public bool Equals(CacheEntryKey other)
+            {
+                return IsImage == other.IsImage &&
+                    Target == other.Target &&
+                    HandleIndex == other.HandleIndex &&
+                    ArrayLength == other.ArrayLength &&
+                    MatchesPools(other._texturePool, other._samplerPool) &&
+                    MatchesBufferBounds(other._textureBufferBounds);
+            }
+
+            public override bool Equals(object obj)
+            {
+                return obj is CacheEntryKey other && Equals(other);
+            }
+
+            public override int GetHashCode()
+            {
+                return _textureBufferBounds.Range.GetHashCode();
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Array cache entry.
+        /// </summary>
+        private class CacheEntry
+        {
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Key for this entry on the cache.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly CacheEntryKey Key;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Linked list node used on the texture bindings array cache.
+            /// </summary>
+            public LinkedListNode<CacheEntry> CacheNode;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Timestamp set on the last use of the array by the cache.
+            /// </summary>
+            public int CacheTimestamp;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// All cached textures, along with their invalidated sequence number as value.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly Dictionary<Texture, int> Textures;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// All pool texture IDs along with their textures.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly Dictionary<int, Texture> TextureIds;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// All pool sampler IDs along with their samplers.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly Dictionary<int, Sampler> SamplerIds;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Backend texture array if the entry is for a texture, otherwise null.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly ITextureArray TextureArray;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Backend image array if the entry is for an image, otherwise null.
+            /// </summary>
+            public readonly IImageArray ImageArray;
+
+            private readonly TexturePool _texturePool;
+            private readonly SamplerPool _samplerPool;
+
+            private int _texturePoolSequence;
+            private int _samplerPoolSequence;
+
+            private int[] _cachedTextureBuffer;
+            private int[] _cachedSamplerBuffer;
+
+            private int _lastSequenceNumber;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Creates a new array cache entry.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="key">Key for this entry on the cache</param>
+            /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool where the array textures are located</param>
+            /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool where the array samplers are located</param>
+            private CacheEntry(ref CacheEntryKey key, TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool)
+            {
+                Key = key;
+                Textures = new Dictionary<Texture, int>();
+                TextureIds = new Dictionary<int, Texture>();
+                SamplerIds = new Dictionary<int, Sampler>();
+
+                _texturePool = texturePool;
+                _samplerPool = samplerPool;
+
+                _lastSequenceNumber = -1;
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Creates a new array cache entry.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="key">Key for this entry on the cache</param>
+            /// <param name="array">Backend texture array</param>
+            /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool where the array textures are located</param>
+            /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool where the array samplers are located</param>
+            public CacheEntry(ref CacheEntryKey key, ITextureArray array, TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool) : this(ref key, texturePool, samplerPool)
+            {
+                TextureArray = array;
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Creates a new array cache entry.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="key">Key for this entry on the cache</param>
+            /// <param name="array">Backend image array</param>
+            /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool where the array textures are located</param>
+            /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool where the array samplers are located</param>
+            public CacheEntry(ref CacheEntryKey key, IImageArray array, TexturePool texturePool, SamplerPool samplerPool) : this(ref key, texturePool, samplerPool)
+            {
+                ImageArray = array;
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Synchronizes memory for all textures in the array.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="isStore">Indicates if the texture may be modified by the access</param>
+            public void SynchronizeMemory(bool isStore)
+            {
+                foreach (Texture texture in Textures.Keys)
+                {
+                    texture.SynchronizeMemory();
+
+                    if (isStore)
+                    {
+                        texture.SignalModified();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Clears all cached texture instances.
+            /// </summary>
+            public void Reset()
+            {
+                Textures.Clear();
+                TextureIds.Clear();
+                SamplerIds.Clear();
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Updates the cached constant buffer data.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="cachedTextureBuffer">Constant buffer data with the texture handles (and sampler handles, if they are combined)</param>
+            /// <param name="cachedSamplerBuffer">Constant buffer data with the sampler handles</param>
+            /// <param name="separateSamplerBuffer">Whether <paramref name="cachedTextureBuffer"/> and <paramref name="cachedSamplerBuffer"/> comes from different buffers</param>
+            public void UpdateData(ReadOnlySpan<int> cachedTextureBuffer, ReadOnlySpan<int> cachedSamplerBuffer, bool separateSamplerBuffer)
+            {
+                _cachedTextureBuffer = cachedTextureBuffer.ToArray();
+                _cachedSamplerBuffer = separateSamplerBuffer ? cachedSamplerBuffer.ToArray() : _cachedTextureBuffer;
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Checks if any texture has been deleted since the last call to this method.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <returns>True if one or more textures have been deleted, false otherwise</returns>
+            public bool ValidateTextures()
+            {
+                foreach ((Texture texture, int invalidatedSequence) in Textures)
+                {
+                    if (texture.InvalidatedSequence != invalidatedSequence)
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Checks if the cached texture or sampler pool has been modified since the last call to this method.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <returns>True if any used entries of the pools might have been modified, false otherwise</returns>
+            public bool PoolsModified()
+            {
+                bool texturePoolModified = _texturePool.WasModified(ref _texturePoolSequence);
+                bool samplerPoolModified = _samplerPool.WasModified(ref _samplerPoolSequence);
+
+                // If both pools were not modified since the last check, we have nothing else to check.
+                if (!texturePoolModified && !samplerPoolModified)
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                // If the pools were modified, let's check if any of the entries we care about changed.
+
+                // Check if any of our cached textures changed on the pool.
+                foreach ((int textureId, Texture texture) in TextureIds)
+                {
+                    if (_texturePool.GetCachedItem(textureId) != texture)
+                    {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Check if any of our cached samplers changed on the pool.
+                foreach ((int samplerId, Sampler sampler) in SamplerIds)
+                {
+                    if (_samplerPool.GetCachedItem(samplerId) != sampler)
+                    {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Checks if the sequence number matches the one used on the last call to this method.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="currentSequenceNumber">Current sequence number</param>
+            /// <returns>True if the sequence numbers match, false otherwise</returns>
+            public bool MatchesSequenceNumber(int currentSequenceNumber)
+            {
+                if (_lastSequenceNumber == currentSequenceNumber)
+                {
+                    return true;
+                }
+
+                _lastSequenceNumber = currentSequenceNumber;
+
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Checks if the buffer data matches the cached data.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="cachedTextureBuffer">New texture buffer data</param>
+            /// <param name="cachedSamplerBuffer">New sampler buffer data</param>
+            /// <param name="separateSamplerBuffer">Whether <paramref name="cachedTextureBuffer"/> and <paramref name="cachedSamplerBuffer"/> comes from different buffers</param>
+            /// <param name="samplerWordOffset">Word offset of the sampler constant buffer handle that is used</param>
+            /// <returns>True if the data matches, false otherwise</returns>
+            public bool MatchesBufferData(
+                ReadOnlySpan<int> cachedTextureBuffer,
+                ReadOnlySpan<int> cachedSamplerBuffer,
+                bool separateSamplerBuffer,
+                int samplerWordOffset)
+            {
+                if (_cachedTextureBuffer != null && cachedTextureBuffer.Length > _cachedTextureBuffer.Length)
+                {
+                    cachedTextureBuffer = cachedTextureBuffer[.._cachedTextureBuffer.Length];
+                }
+
+                if (!_cachedTextureBuffer.AsSpan().SequenceEqual(cachedTextureBuffer))
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                if (separateSamplerBuffer)
+                {
+                    if (_cachedSamplerBuffer == null ||
+                        _cachedSamplerBuffer.Length <= samplerWordOffset ||
+                        cachedSamplerBuffer.Length <= samplerWordOffset)
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+
+                    int oldValue = _cachedSamplerBuffer[samplerWordOffset];
+                    int newValue = cachedSamplerBuffer[samplerWordOffset];
+
+                    return oldValue == newValue;
+                }
+
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private readonly Dictionary<CacheEntryKey, CacheEntry> _cache;
+        private readonly LinkedList<CacheEntry> _lruCache;
+
+        private int _currentTimestamp;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Creates a new instance of the texture bindings array cache.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="context">GPU context</param>
+        /// <param name="channel">GPU channel</param>
+        /// <param name="isCompute">Whether the bindings will be used for compute or graphics pipelines</param>
+        public TextureBindingsArrayCache(GpuContext context, GpuChannel channel, bool isCompute)
+        {
+            _context = context;
+            _channel = channel;
+            _isCompute = isCompute;
+            _cache = new Dictionary<CacheEntryKey, CacheEntry>();
+            _lruCache = new LinkedList<CacheEntry>();
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Updates a texture array bindings and textures.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool</param>
+        /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">Shader stage where the array is used</param>
+        /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage index where the array is used</param>
+        /// <param name="textureBufferIndex">Texture constant buffer index</param>
+        /// <param name="samplerIndex">Sampler handles source</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
+        public void UpdateTextureArray(
+            TexturePool texturePool,
+            SamplerPool samplerPool,
+            ShaderStage stage,
+            int stageIndex,
+            int textureBufferIndex,
+            SamplerIndex samplerIndex,
+            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
+        {
+            Update(texturePool, samplerPool, stage, stageIndex, textureBufferIndex, isImage: false, samplerIndex, bindingInfo);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Updates a image array bindings and textures.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">Shader stage where the array is used</param>
+        /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage index where the array is used</param>
+        /// <param name="textureBufferIndex">Texture constant buffer index</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
+        public void UpdateImageArray(TexturePool texturePool, ShaderStage stage, int stageIndex, int textureBufferIndex, TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
+        {
+            Update(texturePool, null, stage, stageIndex, textureBufferIndex, isImage: true, SamplerIndex.ViaHeaderIndex, bindingInfo);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Updates a texture or image array bindings and textures.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool</param>
+        /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool</param>
+        /// <param name="stage">Shader stage where the array is used</param>
+        /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage index where the array is used</param>
+        /// <param name="textureBufferIndex">Texture constant buffer index</param>
+        /// <param name="isImage">Whether the array is a image or texture array</param>
+        /// <param name="samplerIndex">Sampler handles source</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
+        private void Update(
+            TexturePool texturePool,
+            SamplerPool samplerPool,
+            ShaderStage stage,
+            int stageIndex,
+            int textureBufferIndex,
+            bool isImage,
+            SamplerIndex samplerIndex,
+            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo)
+        {
+            (textureBufferIndex, int samplerBufferIndex) = TextureHandle.UnpackSlots(bindingInfo.CbufSlot, textureBufferIndex);
+
+            bool separateSamplerBuffer = textureBufferIndex != samplerBufferIndex;
+
+            ref BufferBounds textureBufferBounds = ref _channel.BufferManager.GetUniformBufferBounds(_isCompute, stageIndex, textureBufferIndex);
+            ref BufferBounds samplerBufferBounds = ref _channel.BufferManager.GetUniformBufferBounds(_isCompute, stageIndex, samplerBufferIndex);
+
+            CacheEntry entry = GetOrAddEntry(
+                texturePool,
+                samplerPool,
+                bindingInfo,
+                isImage,
+                ref textureBufferBounds,
+                out bool isNewEntry);
+
+            bool poolsModified = entry.PoolsModified();
+            bool isStore = bindingInfo.Flags.HasFlag(TextureUsageFlags.ImageStore);
+
+            ReadOnlySpan<int> cachedTextureBuffer;
+            ReadOnlySpan<int> cachedSamplerBuffer;
+
+            if (!poolsModified && !isNewEntry && entry.ValidateTextures())
+            {
+                if (entry.MatchesSequenceNumber(_context.SequenceNumber))
+                {
+                    entry.SynchronizeMemory(isStore);
+
+                    if (isImage)
+                    {
+                        _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.ImageArray);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.TextureArray);
+                    }
+
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                cachedTextureBuffer = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, int>(_channel.MemoryManager.Physical.GetSpan(textureBufferBounds.Range));
+
+                if (separateSamplerBuffer)
+                {
+                    cachedSamplerBuffer = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, int>(_channel.MemoryManager.Physical.GetSpan(samplerBufferBounds.Range));
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    cachedSamplerBuffer = cachedTextureBuffer;
+                }
+
+                (_, int samplerWordOffset, _) = TextureHandle.UnpackOffsets(bindingInfo.Handle);
+
+                if (entry.MatchesBufferData(cachedTextureBuffer, cachedSamplerBuffer, separateSamplerBuffer, samplerWordOffset))
+                {
+                    entry.SynchronizeMemory(isStore);
+
+                    if (isImage)
+                    {
+                        _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.ImageArray);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.TextureArray);
+                    }
+
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                cachedTextureBuffer = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, int>(_channel.MemoryManager.Physical.GetSpan(textureBufferBounds.Range));
+
+                if (separateSamplerBuffer)
+                {
+                    cachedSamplerBuffer = MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, int>(_channel.MemoryManager.Physical.GetSpan(samplerBufferBounds.Range));
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    cachedSamplerBuffer = cachedTextureBuffer;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (!isNewEntry)
+            {
+                entry.Reset();
+            }
+
+            entry.UpdateData(cachedTextureBuffer, cachedSamplerBuffer, separateSamplerBuffer);
+
+            Format[] formats = isImage ? new Format[bindingInfo.ArrayLength] : null;
+            ISampler[] samplers = isImage ? null : new ISampler[bindingInfo.ArrayLength];
+            ITexture[] textures = new ITexture[bindingInfo.ArrayLength];
+
+            for (int index = 0; index < bindingInfo.ArrayLength; index++)
+            {
+                int handleIndex = bindingInfo.Handle + index * (Constants.TextureHandleSizeInBytes / sizeof(int));
+                int packedId = TextureHandle.ReadPackedId(handleIndex, cachedTextureBuffer, cachedSamplerBuffer);
+                int textureId = TextureHandle.UnpackTextureId(packedId);
+                int samplerId;
+
+                if (samplerIndex == SamplerIndex.ViaHeaderIndex)
+                {
+                    samplerId = textureId;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    samplerId = TextureHandle.UnpackSamplerId(packedId);
+                }
+
+                ref readonly TextureDescriptor descriptor = ref texturePool.GetForBinding(textureId, out Texture texture);
+
+                if (texture != null)
+                {
+                    entry.Textures[texture] = texture.InvalidatedSequence;
+
+                    if (isStore)
+                    {
+                        texture.SignalModified();
+                    }
+                }
+
+                Sampler sampler = samplerPool?.Get(samplerId);
+
+                entry.TextureIds[textureId] = texture;
+                entry.SamplerIds[samplerId] = sampler;
+
+                ITexture hostTexture = texture?.GetTargetTexture(bindingInfo.Target);
+                ISampler hostSampler = sampler?.GetHostSampler(texture);
+
+                Format format = bindingInfo.Format;
+
+                if (hostTexture != null && texture.Target == Target.TextureBuffer)
+                {
+                    // Ensure that the buffer texture is using the correct buffer as storage.
+                    // Buffers are frequently re-created to accommodate larger data, so we need to re-bind
+                    // to ensure we're not using a old buffer that was already deleted.
+                    if (isImage)
+                    {
+                        if (format == 0 && texture != null)
+                        {
+                            format = texture.Format;
+                        }
+
+                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(entry.ImageArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index, format);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(entry.TextureArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index, format);
+                    }
+                }
+                else if (isImage)
+                {
+                    if (format == 0 && texture != null)
+                    {
+                        format = texture.Format;
+                    }
+
+                    formats[index] = format;
+                    textures[index] = hostTexture;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    samplers[index] = hostSampler;
+                    textures[index] = hostTexture;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (isImage)
+            {
+                entry.ImageArray.SetFormats(0, formats);
+                entry.ImageArray.SetImages(0, textures);
+
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.ImageArray);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                entry.TextureArray.SetSamplers(0, samplers);
+                entry.TextureArray.SetTextures(0, textures);
+
+                _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetTextureArray(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, entry.TextureArray);
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a cached texture entry, or creates a new one if not found.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="texturePool">Texture pool</param>
+        /// <param name="samplerPool">Sampler pool</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Array binding information</param>
+        /// <param name="isImage">Whether the array is a image or texture array</param>
+        /// <param name="textureBufferBounds">Constant buffer bounds with the texture handles</param>
+        /// <param name="isNew">Whether a new entry was created, or an existing one was returned</param>
+        /// <returns>Cache entry</returns>
+        private CacheEntry GetOrAddEntry(
+            TexturePool texturePool,
+            SamplerPool samplerPool,
+            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
+            bool isImage,
+            ref BufferBounds textureBufferBounds,
+            out bool isNew)
+        {
+            CacheEntryKey key = new CacheEntryKey(
+                isImage,
+                bindingInfo,
+                texturePool,
+                samplerPool,
+                ref textureBufferBounds);
+
+            isNew = !_cache.TryGetValue(key, out CacheEntry entry);
+
+            if (isNew)
+            {
+                int arrayLength = bindingInfo.ArrayLength;
+
+                if (isImage)
+                {
+                    IImageArray array = _context.Renderer.CreateImageArray(arrayLength, bindingInfo.Target == Target.TextureBuffer);
+
+                    _cache.Add(key, entry = new CacheEntry(ref key, array, texturePool, samplerPool));
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    ITextureArray array = _context.Renderer.CreateTextureArray(arrayLength, bindingInfo.Target == Target.TextureBuffer);
+
+                    _cache.Add(key, entry = new CacheEntry(ref key, array, texturePool, samplerPool));
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (entry.CacheNode != null)
+            {
+                _lruCache.Remove(entry.CacheNode);
+                _lruCache.AddLast(entry.CacheNode);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                entry.CacheNode = _lruCache.AddLast(entry);
+            }
+
+            entry.CacheTimestamp = ++_currentTimestamp;
+
+            RemoveLeastUsedEntries();
+
+            return entry;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Remove entries from the cache that have not been used for some time.
+        /// </summary>
+        private void RemoveLeastUsedEntries()
+        {
+            LinkedListNode<CacheEntry> nextNode = _lruCache.First;
+
+            while (nextNode != null && _currentTimestamp - nextNode.Value.CacheTimestamp >= MinDeltaForRemoval)
+            {
+                LinkedListNode<CacheEntry> toRemove = nextNode;
+                nextNode = nextNode.Next;
+                _cache.Remove(toRemove.Value.Key);
+                _lruCache.Remove(toRemove);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureBindingsManager.cs

@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         private readonly TexturePoolCache _texturePoolCache;
         private readonly SamplerPoolCache _samplerPoolCache;
 
+        private readonly TextureBindingsArrayCache _arrayBindingsCache;
+
         private TexturePool _cachedTexturePool;
         private SamplerPool _cachedSamplerPool;
 
@@ -56,6 +58,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         private TextureState[] _textureState;
         private TextureState[] _imageState;
 
+        private int[] _textureCounts;
+
         private int _texturePoolSequence;
         private int _samplerPoolSequence;
 
@@ -85,6 +89,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             _isCompute = isCompute;
 
+            _arrayBindingsCache = new TextureBindingsArrayCache(context, channel, isCompute);
+
             int stages = isCompute ? 1 : Constants.ShaderStages;
 
             _textureBindings = new TextureBindingInfo[stages][];
@@ -95,9 +101,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             for (int stage = 0; stage < stages; stage++)
             {
-                _textureBindings[stage] = new TextureBindingInfo[InitialTextureStateSize];
-                _imageBindings[stage] = new TextureBindingInfo[InitialImageStateSize];
+                _textureBindings[stage] = Array.Empty<TextureBindingInfo>();
+                _imageBindings[stage] = Array.Empty<TextureBindingInfo>();
             }
+
+            _textureCounts = Array.Empty<int>();
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -109,6 +117,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             _textureBindings = bindings.TextureBindings;
             _imageBindings = bindings.ImageBindings;
 
+            _textureCounts = bindings.TextureCounts;
+
             SetMaxBindings(bindings.MaxTextureBinding, bindings.MaxImageBinding);
         }
 
@@ -401,27 +411,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             }
         }
 
-#pragma warning disable IDE0051 // Remove unused private member
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Counts the total number of texture bindings used by all shader stages.
-        /// </summary>
-        /// <returns>The total amount of textures used</returns>
-        private int GetTextureBindingsCount()
-        {
-            int count = 0;
-
-            foreach (TextureBindingInfo[] textureInfo in _textureBindings)
-            {
-                if (textureInfo != null)
-                {
-                    count += textureInfo.Length;
-                }
-            }
-
-            return count;
-        }
-#pragma warning restore IDE0051
-
         /// <summary>
         /// Ensures that the texture bindings are visible to the host GPU.
         /// Note: this actually performs the binding using the host graphics API.
@@ -465,6 +454,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo = _textureBindings[stageIndex][index];
                 TextureUsageFlags usageFlags = bindingInfo.Flags;
 
+                if (bindingInfo.ArrayLength > 1)
+                {
+                    _arrayBindingsCache.UpdateTextureArray(texturePool, samplerPool, stage, stageIndex, _textureBufferIndex, _samplerIndex, bindingInfo);
+
+                    continue;
+                }
+
                 (int textureBufferIndex, int samplerBufferIndex) = TextureHandle.UnpackSlots(bindingInfo.CbufSlot, _textureBufferIndex);
 
                 UpdateCachedBuffer(stageIndex, ref cachedTextureBufferIndex, ref cachedSamplerBufferIndex, ref cachedTextureBuffer, ref cachedSamplerBuffer, textureBufferIndex, samplerBufferIndex);
@@ -582,7 +578,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             }
 
             // Scales for images appear after the texture ones.
-            int baseScaleIndex = _textureBindings[stageIndex].Length;
+            int baseScaleIndex = _textureCounts[stageIndex];
 
             int cachedTextureBufferIndex = -1;
             int cachedSamplerBufferIndex = -1;
@@ -595,6 +591,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             {
                 TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo = _imageBindings[stageIndex][index];
                 TextureUsageFlags usageFlags = bindingInfo.Flags;
+
+                if (bindingInfo.ArrayLength > 1)
+                {
+                    _arrayBindingsCache.UpdateImageArray(pool, stage, stageIndex, _textureBufferIndex, bindingInfo);
+
+                    continue;
+                }
+
                 int scaleIndex = baseScaleIndex + index;
 
                 (int textureBufferIndex, int samplerBufferIndex) = TextureHandle.UnpackSlots(bindingInfo.CbufSlot, _textureBufferIndex);
@@ -620,7 +624,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                     if (isStore)
                     {
-                        cachedTexture?.SignalModified();
+                        cachedTexture.SignalModified();
                     }
 
                     Format format = bindingInfo.Format == 0 ? cachedTexture.Format : bindingInfo.Format;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferBounds.cs

@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
+using System;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 {
     /// <summary>
     /// Memory range used for buffers.
     /// </summary>
-    readonly struct BufferBounds
+    readonly struct BufferBounds : IEquatable<BufferBounds>
     {
         /// <summary>
         /// Physical memory ranges where the buffer is mapped.
@@ -33,5 +34,25 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             Range = range;
             Flags = flags;
         }
+
+        public override bool Equals(object obj)
+        {
+            return obj is BufferBounds bounds && Equals(bounds);
+        }
+
+        public bool Equals(BufferBounds bounds)
+        {
+            return Range == bounds.Range && Flags == bounds.Flags;
+        }
+
+        public bool Equals(ref BufferBounds bounds)
+        {
+            return Range == bounds.Range && Flags == bounds.Flags;
+        }
+
+        public override int GetHashCode()
+        {
+            return HashCode.Combine(Range, Flags);
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferManager.cs

@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         private readonly VertexBuffer[] _vertexBuffers;
         private readonly BufferBounds[] _transformFeedbackBuffers;
         private readonly List<BufferTextureBinding> _bufferTextures;
+        private readonly List<BufferTextureArrayBinding<ITextureArray>> _bufferTextureArrays;
+        private readonly List<BufferTextureArrayBinding<IImageArray>> _bufferImageArrays;
         private readonly BufferAssignment[] _ranges;
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -140,11 +142,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             }
 
             _bufferTextures = new List<BufferTextureBinding>();
+            _bufferTextureArrays = new List<BufferTextureArrayBinding<ITextureArray>>();
+            _bufferImageArrays = new List<BufferTextureArrayBinding<IImageArray>>();
 
             _ranges = new BufferAssignment[Constants.TotalGpUniformBuffers * Constants.ShaderStages];
         }
 
-
         /// <summary>
         /// Sets the memory range with the index buffer data, to be used for subsequent draw calls.
         /// </summary>
@@ -418,6 +421,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             return _cpUniformBuffers.Buffers[index].Range.GetSubRange(0).Address;
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the size of the compute uniform buffer currently bound at the given index.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="index">Index of the uniform buffer binding</param>
+        /// <returns>The uniform buffer size, or an undefined value if the buffer is not currently bound</returns>
+        public int GetComputeUniformBufferSize(int index)
+        {
+            return (int)_cpUniformBuffers.Buffers[index].Range.GetSubRange(0).Size;
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets the address of the graphics uniform buffer currently bound at the given index.
         /// </summary>
@@ -429,6 +442,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             return _gpUniformBuffers[stage].Buffers[index].Range.GetSubRange(0).Address;
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the size of the graphics uniform buffer currently bound at the given index.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stage">Index of the shader stage</param>
+        /// <param name="index">Index of the uniform buffer binding</param>
+        /// <returns>The uniform buffer size, or an undefined value if the buffer is not currently bound</returns>
+        public int GetGraphicsUniformBufferSize(int stage, int index)
+        {
+            return (int)_gpUniformBuffers[stage].Buffers[index].Range.GetSubRange(0).Size;
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets the bounds of the uniform buffer currently bound at the given index.
         /// </summary>
@@ -459,7 +483,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             BindBuffers(bufferCache, _cpStorageBuffers, isStorage: true);
             BindBuffers(bufferCache, _cpUniformBuffers, isStorage: false);
 
-            CommitBufferTextureBindings();
+            CommitBufferTextureBindings(bufferCache);
 
             // Force rebind after doing compute work.
             Rebind();
@@ -470,14 +494,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <summary>
         /// Commit any queued buffer texture bindings.
         /// </summary>
-        private void CommitBufferTextureBindings()
+        /// <param name="bufferCache">Buffer cache</param>
+        private void CommitBufferTextureBindings(BufferCache bufferCache)
         {
             if (_bufferTextures.Count > 0)
             {
                 foreach (var binding in _bufferTextures)
                 {
                     var isStore = binding.BindingInfo.Flags.HasFlag(TextureUsageFlags.ImageStore);
-                    var range = _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.GetBufferRange(binding.Range, isStore);
+                    var range = bufferCache.GetBufferRange(binding.Range, isStore);
                     binding.Texture.SetStorage(range);
 
                     // The texture must be rebound to use the new storage if it was updated.
@@ -494,6 +519,33 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
                 _bufferTextures.Clear();
             }
+
+            if (_bufferTextureArrays.Count > 0 || _bufferImageArrays.Count > 0)
+            {
+                ITexture[] textureArray = new ITexture[1];
+
+                foreach (var binding in _bufferTextureArrays)
+                {
+                    var range = bufferCache.GetBufferRange(binding.Range);
+                    binding.Texture.SetStorage(range);
+
+                    textureArray[0] = binding.Texture;
+                    binding.Array.SetTextures(binding.Index, textureArray);
+                }
+
+                foreach (var binding in _bufferImageArrays)
+                {
+                    var isStore = binding.BindingInfo.Flags.HasFlag(TextureUsageFlags.ImageStore);
+                    var range = bufferCache.GetBufferRange(binding.Range, isStore);
+                    binding.Texture.SetStorage(range);
+
+                    textureArray[0] = binding.Texture;
+                    binding.Array.SetImages(binding.Index, textureArray);
+                }
+
+                _bufferTextureArrays.Clear();
+                _bufferImageArrays.Clear();
+            }
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -676,7 +728,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
                 UpdateBuffers(_gpUniformBuffers);
             }
 
-            CommitBufferTextureBindings();
+            CommitBufferTextureBindings(bufferCache);
 
             _rebind = false;
 
@@ -828,6 +880,50 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             _bufferTextures.Add(new BufferTextureBinding(stage, texture, range, bindingInfo, format, isImage));
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the buffer storage of a buffer texture array element. This will be bound when the buffer manager commits bindings.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="array">Texture array where the element will be inserted</param>
+        /// <param name="texture">Buffer texture</param>
+        /// <param name="range">Physical ranges of memory where the buffer texture data is located</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Binding info for the buffer texture</param>
+        /// <param name="index">Index of the binding on the array</param>
+        /// <param name="format">Format of the buffer texture</param>
+        public void SetBufferTextureStorage(
+            ITextureArray array,
+            ITexture texture,
+            MultiRange range,
+            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
+            int index,
+            Format format)
+        {
+            _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.CreateBuffer(range);
+
+            _bufferTextureArrays.Add(new BufferTextureArrayBinding<ITextureArray>(array, texture, range, bindingInfo, index, format));
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Sets the buffer storage of a buffer image array element. This will be bound when the buffer manager commits bindings.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="array">Image array where the element will be inserted</param>
+        /// <param name="texture">Buffer texture</param>
+        /// <param name="range">Physical ranges of memory where the buffer texture data is located</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Binding info for the buffer texture</param>
+        /// <param name="index">Index of the binding on the array</param>
+        /// <param name="format">Format of the buffer texture</param>
+        public void SetBufferTextureStorage(
+            IImageArray array,
+            ITexture texture,
+            MultiRange range,
+            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
+            int index,
+            Format format)
+        {
+            _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.CreateBuffer(range);
+
+            _bufferImageArrays.Add(new BufferTextureArrayBinding<IImageArray>(array, texture, range, bindingInfo, index, format));
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Force all bound textures and images to be rebound the next time CommitBindings is called.
         /// </summary>

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferTextureArrayBinding.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image;
+using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// A buffer binding to apply to a buffer texture array element.
+    /// </summary>
+    readonly struct BufferTextureArrayBinding<T>
+    {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Backend texture or image array.
+        /// </summary>
+        public T Array { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The buffer texture.
+        /// </summary>
+        public ITexture Texture { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Physical ranges of memory where the buffer texture data is located.
+        /// </summary>
+        public MultiRange Range { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The image or sampler binding info for the buffer texture.
+        /// </summary>
+        public TextureBindingInfo BindingInfo { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Index of the binding on the array.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Index { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The image format for the binding.
+        /// </summary>
+        public Format Format { get; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Create a new buffer texture binding.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="texture">Buffer texture</param>
+        /// <param name="range">Physical ranges of memory where the buffer texture data is located</param>
+        /// <param name="bindingInfo">Binding info</param>
+        /// <param name="index">Index of the binding on the array</param>
+        /// <param name="format">Binding format</param>
+        public BufferTextureArrayBinding(
+            T array,
+            ITexture texture,
+            MultiRange range,
+            TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
+            int index,
+            Format format)
+        {
+            Array = array;
+            Texture = texture;
+            Range = range;
+            BindingInfo = bindingInfo;
+            Index = index;
+            Format = format;
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/CachedShaderBindings.cs

@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         public BufferDescriptor[][] ConstantBufferBindings { get; }
         public BufferDescriptor[][] StorageBufferBindings { get; }
 
+        public int[] TextureCounts { get; }
+
         public int MaxTextureBinding { get; }
         public int MaxImageBinding { get; }
 
@@ -34,6 +36,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             ConstantBufferBindings = new BufferDescriptor[stageCount][];
             StorageBufferBindings = new BufferDescriptor[stageCount][];
 
+            TextureCounts = new int[stageCount];
+
             int maxTextureBinding = -1;
             int maxImageBinding = -1;
             int offset = isCompute ? 0 : 1;
@@ -59,13 +63,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                     var result = new TextureBindingInfo(
                         target,
                         descriptor.Binding,
+                        descriptor.ArrayLength,
                         descriptor.CbufSlot,
                         descriptor.HandleIndex,
                         descriptor.Flags);
 
-                    if (descriptor.Binding > maxTextureBinding)
+                    if (descriptor.ArrayLength <= 1)
                     {
-                        maxTextureBinding = descriptor.Binding;
+                        if (descriptor.Binding > maxTextureBinding)
+                        {
+                            maxTextureBinding = descriptor.Binding;
+                        }
+
+                        TextureCounts[i]++;
                     }
 
                     return result;
@@ -80,11 +90,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                         target,
                         format,
                         descriptor.Binding,
+                        descriptor.ArrayLength,
                         descriptor.CbufSlot,
                         descriptor.HandleIndex,
                         descriptor.Flags);
 
-                    if (descriptor.Binding > maxImageBinding)
+                    if (descriptor.ArrayLength <= 1 && descriptor.Binding > maxImageBinding)
                     {
                         maxImageBinding = descriptor.Binding;
                     }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/DiskCacheGpuAccessor.cs

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
         /// <param name="cb1Data">The constant buffer 1 data of the shader</param>
         /// <param name="oldSpecState">Shader specialization state of the cached shader</param>
         /// <param name="newSpecState">Shader specialization state of the recompiled shader</param>
+        /// <param name="counts">Resource counts shared across all shader stages</param>
         /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage index</param>
         public DiskCacheGpuAccessor(
             GpuContext context,
@@ -108,6 +109,27 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
             return _oldSpecState.GraphicsState.HasConstantBufferDrawParameters;
         }
 
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public SamplerType QuerySamplerType(int handle, int cbufSlot)
+        {
+            _newSpecState.RecordTextureSamplerType(_stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot);
+            return _oldSpecState.GetTextureTarget(_stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot).ConvertSamplerType();
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public int QueryTextureArrayLengthFromBuffer(int slot)
+        {
+            if (!_oldSpecState.TextureArrayFromBufferRegistered(_stageIndex, 0, slot))
+            {
+                throw new DiskCacheLoadException(DiskCacheLoadResult.MissingTextureArrayLength);
+            }
+
+            int arrayLength = _oldSpecState.GetTextureArrayFromBufferLength(_stageIndex, 0, slot);
+            _newSpecState.RegisterTextureArrayLengthFromBuffer(_stageIndex, 0, slot, arrayLength);
+
+            return arrayLength;
+        }
+
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         public TextureFormat QueryTextureFormat(int handle, int cbufSlot)
         {
@@ -116,13 +138,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
             return ConvertToTextureFormat(format, formatSrgb);
         }
 
-        /// <inheritdoc/>
-        public SamplerType QuerySamplerType(int handle, int cbufSlot)
-        {
-            _newSpecState.RecordTextureSamplerType(_stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot);
-            return _oldSpecState.GetTextureTarget(_stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot).ConvertSamplerType();
-        }
-
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         public bool QueryTextureCoordNormalized(int handle, int cbufSlot)
         {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/DiskCacheHostStorage.cs

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
         private const ushort FileFormatVersionMajor = 1;
         private const ushort FileFormatVersionMinor = 2;
         private const uint FileFormatVersionPacked = ((uint)FileFormatVersionMajor << 16) | FileFormatVersionMinor;
-        private const uint CodeGenVersion = 6462;
+        private const uint CodeGenVersion = 6489;
 
         private const string SharedTocFileName = "shared.toc";
         private const string SharedDataFileName = "shared.data";

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/DiskCacheLoadResult.cs

@@ -20,6 +20,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
         /// </summary>
         InvalidCb1DataLength,
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The cache is missing the length of a texture array used by the shader.
+        /// </summary>
+        MissingTextureArrayLength,
+
         /// <summary>
         /// The cache is missing the descriptor of a texture used by the shader.
         /// </summary>
@@ -60,6 +65,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
                 DiskCacheLoadResult.Success => "No error.",
                 DiskCacheLoadResult.NoAccess => "Could not access the cache file.",
                 DiskCacheLoadResult.InvalidCb1DataLength => "Constant buffer 1 data length is too low.",
+                DiskCacheLoadResult.MissingTextureArrayLength => "Texture array length missing from the cache file.",
                 DiskCacheLoadResult.MissingTextureDescriptor => "Texture descriptor missing from the cache file.",
                 DiskCacheLoadResult.FileCorruptedGeneric => "The cache file is corrupted.",
                 DiskCacheLoadResult.FileCorruptedInvalidMagic => "Magic check failed, the cache file is corrupted.",

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/GpuAccessor.cs

@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         public ReadOnlySpan<ulong> GetCode(ulong address, int minimumSize)
         {
             int size = Math.Max(minimumSize, 0x1000 - (int)(address & 0xfff));
+
             return MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, ulong>(_channel.MemoryManager.GetSpan(address, size));
         }
 
@@ -119,6 +120,27 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             return _state.GraphicsState.HasUnalignedStorageBuffer || _state.ComputeState.HasUnalignedStorageBuffer;
         }
 
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public SamplerType QuerySamplerType(int handle, int cbufSlot)
+        {
+            _state.SpecializationState?.RecordTextureSamplerType(_stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot);
+            return GetTextureDescriptor(handle, cbufSlot).UnpackTextureTarget().ConvertSamplerType();
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public int QueryTextureArrayLengthFromBuffer(int slot)
+        {
+            int size = _compute
+                ? _channel.BufferManager.GetComputeUniformBufferSize(slot)
+                : _channel.BufferManager.GetGraphicsUniformBufferSize(_stageIndex, slot);
+
+            int arrayLength = size / Constants.TextureHandleSizeInBytes;
+
+            _state.SpecializationState?.RegisterTextureArrayLengthFromBuffer(_stageIndex, 0, slot, arrayLength);
+
+            return arrayLength;
+        }
+
         //// <inheritdoc/>
         public TextureFormat QueryTextureFormat(int handle, int cbufSlot)
         {
@@ -127,13 +149,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             return ConvertToTextureFormat(descriptor.UnpackFormat(), descriptor.UnpackSrgb());
         }
 
-        /// <inheritdoc/>
-        public SamplerType QuerySamplerType(int handle, int cbufSlot)
-        {
-            _state.SpecializationState?.RecordTextureSamplerType(_stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot);
-            return GetTextureDescriptor(handle, cbufSlot).UnpackTextureTarget().ConvertSamplerType();
-        }
-
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         public bool QueryTextureCoordNormalized(int handle, int cbufSlot)
         {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/GpuAccessorBase.cs

@@ -20,6 +20,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         private int _reservedTextures;
         private int _reservedImages;
 
+        private int _staticTexturesCount;
+        private int _staticImagesCount;
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Creates a new GPU accessor.
         /// </summary>
@@ -48,7 +51,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             _reservedImages = rrc.ReservedImages;
         }
 
-        public int QueryBindingConstantBuffer(int index)
+        public int CreateConstantBufferBinding(int index)
         {
             int binding;
 
@@ -64,7 +67,39 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             return binding + _reservedConstantBuffers;
         }
 
-        public int QueryBindingStorageBuffer(int index)
+        public int CreateImageBinding(int count, bool isBuffer)
+        {
+            int binding;
+
+            if (_context.Capabilities.Api == TargetApi.Vulkan)
+            {
+                if (count == 1)
+                {
+                    int index = _staticImagesCount++;
+
+                    if (isBuffer)
+                    {
+                        index += (int)_context.Capabilities.MaximumImagesPerStage;
+                    }
+
+                    binding = GetBindingFromIndex(index, _context.Capabilities.MaximumImagesPerStage * 2, "Image");
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    binding = (int)GetDynamicBaseIndexDual(_context.Capabilities.MaximumImagesPerStage) + _resourceCounts.ImagesCount++;
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                binding = _resourceCounts.ImagesCount;
+
+                _resourceCounts.ImagesCount += count;
+            }
+
+            return binding + _reservedImages;
+        }
+
+        public int CreateStorageBufferBinding(int index)
         {
             int binding;
 
@@ -80,48 +115,38 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             return binding + _reservedStorageBuffers;
         }
 
-        public int QueryBindingTexture(int index, bool isBuffer)
+        public int CreateTextureBinding(int count, bool isBuffer)
         {
             int binding;
 
             if (_context.Capabilities.Api == TargetApi.Vulkan)
             {
-                if (isBuffer)
+                if (count == 1)
                 {
-                    index += (int)_context.Capabilities.MaximumTexturesPerStage;
-                }
+                    int index = _staticTexturesCount++;
 
-                binding = GetBindingFromIndex(index, _context.Capabilities.MaximumTexturesPerStage * 2, "Texture");
+                    if (isBuffer)
+                    {
+                        index += (int)_context.Capabilities.MaximumTexturesPerStage;
+                    }
+
+                    binding = GetBindingFromIndex(index, _context.Capabilities.MaximumTexturesPerStage * 2, "Texture");
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    binding = (int)GetDynamicBaseIndexDual(_context.Capabilities.MaximumTexturesPerStage) + _resourceCounts.TexturesCount++;
+                }
             }
             else
             {
-                binding = _resourceCounts.TexturesCount++;
+                binding = _resourceCounts.TexturesCount;
+
+                _resourceCounts.TexturesCount += count;
             }
 
             return binding + _reservedTextures;
         }
 
-        public int QueryBindingImage(int index, bool isBuffer)
-        {
-            int binding;
-
-            if (_context.Capabilities.Api == TargetApi.Vulkan)
-            {
-                if (isBuffer)
-                {
-                    index += (int)_context.Capabilities.MaximumImagesPerStage;
-                }
-
-                binding = GetBindingFromIndex(index, _context.Capabilities.MaximumImagesPerStage * 2, "Image");
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                binding = _resourceCounts.ImagesCount++;
-            }
-
-            return binding + _reservedImages;
-        }
-
         private int GetBindingFromIndex(int index, uint maxPerStage, string resourceName)
         {
             if ((uint)index >= maxPerStage)
@@ -148,6 +173,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             };
         }
 
+        private static uint GetDynamicBaseIndexDual(uint maxPerStage)
+        {
+            return GetDynamicBaseIndex(maxPerStage) * 2;
+        }
+
+        private static uint GetDynamicBaseIndex(uint maxPerStage)
+        {
+            return maxPerStage * Constants.ShaderStages;
+        }
+
         public int QueryHostGatherBiasPrecision() => _context.Capabilities.GatherBiasPrecision;
 
         public bool QueryHostReducedPrecision() => _context.Capabilities.ReduceShaderPrecision;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/ShaderInfoBuilder.cs

@@ -132,6 +132,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             AddDualDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.TextureAndSampler, ResourceType.BufferTexture, TextureSetIndex, textureBinding, texturesPerStage);
             AddDualDescriptor(stages, ResourceType.Image, ResourceType.BufferImage, ImageSetIndex, imageBinding, imagesPerStage);
 
+            AddArrayDescriptors(info.Textures, stages, TextureSetIndex, isImage: false);
+            AddArrayDescriptors(info.Images, stages, TextureSetIndex, isImage: true);
+
             AddUsage(info.CBuffers, stages, UniformSetIndex, isStorage: false);
             AddUsage(info.SBuffers, stages, StorageSetIndex, isStorage: true);
             AddUsage(info.Textures, stages, TextureSetIndex, isImage: false);
@@ -169,6 +172,30 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             AddDescriptor(stages, type2, setIndex, binding + count, count);
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Adds all array descriptors (those with an array length greater than one).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="textures">Textures to be added</param>
+        /// <param name="stages">Stages where the textures are used</param>
+        /// <param name="setIndex">Descriptor set index where the textures will be bound</param>
+        /// <param name="isImage">True for images, false for textures</param>
+        private void AddArrayDescriptors(IEnumerable<TextureDescriptor> textures, ResourceStages stages, int setIndex, bool isImage)
+        {
+            foreach (TextureDescriptor texture in textures)
+            {
+                if (texture.ArrayLength > 1)
+                {
+                    bool isBuffer = (texture.Type & SamplerType.Mask) == SamplerType.TextureBuffer;
+
+                    ResourceType type = isBuffer
+                        ? (isImage ? ResourceType.BufferImage : ResourceType.BufferTexture)
+                        : (isImage ? ResourceType.Image : ResourceType.TextureAndSampler);
+
+                    _resourceDescriptors[setIndex].Add(new ResourceDescriptor(texture.Binding, texture.ArrayLength, type, stages));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Adds buffer usage information to the list of usages.
         /// </summary>
@@ -181,7 +208,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         {
             for (int index = 0; index < count; index++)
             {
-                _resourceUsages[setIndex].Add(new ResourceUsage(binding + index, type, stages));
+                _resourceUsages[setIndex].Add(new ResourceUsage(binding + index, 1, type, stages));
             }
         }
 
@@ -198,6 +225,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             {
                 _resourceUsages[setIndex].Add(new ResourceUsage(
                     buffer.Binding,
+                    1,
                     isStorage ? ResourceType.StorageBuffer : ResourceType.UniformBuffer,
                     stages));
             }
@@ -220,10 +248,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                     ? (isImage ? ResourceType.BufferImage : ResourceType.BufferTexture)
                     : (isImage ? ResourceType.Image : ResourceType.TextureAndSampler);
 
-                _resourceUsages[setIndex].Add(new ResourceUsage(
-                    texture.Binding,
-                    type,
-                    stages));
+                _resourceUsages[setIndex].Add(new ResourceUsage(texture.Binding, texture.ArrayLength, type, stages));
             }
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/ShaderSpecializationState.cs

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         {
             PrimitiveTopology = 1 << 1,
             TransformFeedback = 1 << 3,
+            TextureArrayFromBuffer = 1 << 4,
         }
 
         private QueriedStateFlags _queriedState;
@@ -153,6 +154,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         }
 
         private readonly Dictionary<TextureKey, Box<TextureSpecializationState>> _textureSpecialization;
+        private readonly Dictionary<TextureKey, int> _textureArraySpecialization;
         private KeyValuePair<TextureKey, Box<TextureSpecializationState>>[] _allTextures;
         private Box<TextureSpecializationState>[][] _textureByBinding;
         private Box<TextureSpecializationState>[][] _imageByBinding;
@@ -163,6 +165,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
         private ShaderSpecializationState()
         {
             _textureSpecialization = new Dictionary<TextureKey, Box<TextureSpecializationState>>();
+            _textureArraySpecialization = new Dictionary<TextureKey, int>();
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -323,6 +326,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             state.Value.CoordNormalized = coordNormalized;
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Indicates that the coordinate normalization state of a given texture was used during the shader translation process.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage where the texture is used</param>
+        /// <param name="handle">Offset in words of the texture handle on the texture buffer</param>
+        /// <param name="cbufSlot">Slot of the texture buffer constant buffer</param>
+        /// <param name="length">Number of elements in the texture array</param>
+        public void RegisterTextureArrayLengthFromBuffer(int stageIndex, int handle, int cbufSlot, int length)
+        {
+            _textureArraySpecialization[new TextureKey(stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot)] = length;
+            _queriedState |= QueriedStateFlags.TextureArrayFromBuffer;
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Indicates that the format of a given texture was used during the shader translation process.
         /// </summary>
@@ -379,6 +395,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             return GetTextureSpecState(stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot) != null;
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if a given texture array (from constant buffer) was registerd on this specialization state.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage where the texture is used</param>
+        /// <param name="handle">Offset in words of the texture handle on the texture buffer</param>
+        /// <param name="cbufSlot">Slot of the texture buffer constant buffer</param>
+        public bool TextureArrayFromBufferRegistered(int stageIndex, int handle, int cbufSlot)
+        {
+            return _textureArraySpecialization.ContainsKey(new TextureKey(stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot));
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets the recorded format of a given texture.
         /// </summary>
@@ -413,6 +440,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             return GetTextureSpecState(stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot).Value.CoordNormalized;
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the recorded length of a given texture array (from constant buffer).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="stageIndex">Shader stage where the texture is used</param>
+        /// <param name="handle">Offset in words of the texture handle on the texture buffer</param>
+        /// <param name="cbufSlot">Slot of the texture buffer constant buffer</param>
+        public int GetTextureArrayFromBufferLength(int stageIndex, int handle, int cbufSlot)
+        {
+            return _textureArraySpecialization[new TextureKey(stageIndex, handle, cbufSlot)];
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Gets texture specialization state for a given texture, or create a new one if not present.
         /// </summary>
@@ -548,6 +586,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
             return Matches(channel, ref poolState, checkTextures, isCompute: false);
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Converts special vertex attribute groups to their generic equivalents, for comparison purposes.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="channel">GPU channel</param>
+        /// <param name="type">Vertex attribute type</param>
+        /// <returns>Filtered attribute</returns>
         private static AttributeType FilterAttributeType(GpuChannel channel, AttributeType type)
         {
             type &= ~(AttributeType.Packed | AttributeType.PackedRgb10A2Signed);
@@ -838,6 +882,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                 specState._textureSpecialization[textureKey] = textureState;
             }
 
+            if (specState._queriedState.HasFlag(QueriedStateFlags.TextureArrayFromBuffer))
+            {
+                dataReader.Read(ref count);
+
+                for (int index = 0; index < count; index++)
+                {
+                    TextureKey textureKey = default;
+                    int length = 0;
+
+                    dataReader.ReadWithMagicAndSize(ref textureKey, TexkMagic);
+                    dataReader.Read(ref length);
+
+                    specState._textureArraySpecialization[textureKey] = length;
+                }
+            }
+
             return specState;
         }
 
@@ -902,6 +962,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                 dataWriter.WriteWithMagicAndSize(ref textureKey, TexkMagic);
                 dataWriter.WriteWithMagicAndSize(ref textureState.Value, TexsMagic);
             }
+
+            if (_queriedState.HasFlag(QueriedStateFlags.TextureArrayFromBuffer))
+            {
+                count = (ushort)_textureArraySpecialization.Count;
+                dataWriter.Write(ref count);
+
+                foreach (var kv in _textureArraySpecialization)
+                {
+                    var textureKey = kv.Key;
+                    var length = kv.Value;
+
+                    dataWriter.WriteWithMagicAndSize(ref textureKey, TexkMagic);
+                    dataWriter.Write(ref length);
+                }
+            }
         }
     }
 }